【成人自考】【英语阅读（二）】【00596】高频考点(10)
(1).Understanding the Text Choose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the text.Choosing Not to Go to College1. True, going to college for four years can be an enriching, eye-opening experience. True, a bachelor's degree is still an asset) if you're trying to make it in America. It's also a must for many crème de la crème careers.2. But not all kids are cut out for college, despite the expectations of their parents or teachers. And, especially in the brave new world of the 21st century, not all kids need to go to college right after high school — or ever—to succeed, says J. Michael Farr, author of America's Top Jobs for People Without a Four-Year Degree.3."The mythology' here is that everybody has to go to college to do well. Not true,” says Farr. “This generation is a little bit better off than ours. But there are so many more options. It's more complex now.”4. A boom'"’ economy coupled with dramatic changes in technology has created entirely new jobs and expanded opportunities in age old professions. Many of these occupations — from computer programmers and Web page designers to chefs and police officers — don't require a bachelor's degree. Neither do many good jobs in the arts, crafts， skilled trades, construction, service industry, science, and health fields. Such jobs include: aircraft mechanic, cardiovascular technologist, electronic technician, law clerk, registered nurse, sales rep, secretary, travel agent ... the list goes on.5. Jenna Norvell, 21, is now full of career ideas thanks to a ten-month cosmetology” pro- gram she attended this year [2000] at the Aveda Institute in Minneapolis. She paid $9,865for tuition and about $6,000 more in expenses, including rent for a one-bedroom apartment she shared with another student. Although Norvell got lots of career leads from salon recruiters8at a career fair hosted by the institute, she didn't meet any from California— where she wants to live. So she plans to find a job out West on her own, perhaps in television or maybe doing makeup for fashion shows. Or selling cosmetics. Or managing a salon." You'd be surprised how many occupations there are in this field,” says Norvell.6. High school students often don't understand there are so many options available to them, says Farr. "That's a shame. People who are interested in various things really can earn a decent living even if they don't want to go to college.”7. It's still true that people with more education, on average, earn more money. But 28 per cent of workers without a four-year degree earn more than the average worker with a bachelor's degree, according to Harlow G. Unger, author of But What if I Don't Want to Go to College? a guide to educational alternatives to college. And more and more computer-savvy young people are skipping college to join the high-tech revolution as computer network engineers, Internet entrepreneurs and game designers.8. Don't get the wrong idea. This doesn't mean you can waltz right into a great job straight out of high school with no skills, training, or effort. To get a good job without a four-year degree, you still must have at least a solid high school education. “Even if you think you're not going to college, you still need to pay attention,” says Farr. “You need to know how to be part of a team, how to communicate effectively verbally, how to learn.”9. And chances are, you will need training after high school through some form of alternative career education. Only four of the fastest growing occupations in the United States re quire a four years degree or more, says Unger. But many of the others — home health aides, building maintenance, teaching aides — require post-high-school training.10. Which vocational education and training you'll need — and the cost — depends upon the vocation you choose. Public community colleges offer some of the best vocational training, often specializing in areas such as the graphic arts, hotel and restaurant management, and building trades, according to Unger. Fulltime tuition averages $1,200 a year, although the range from state-to-state is $600 to $3,500. Vocational training at technical institutes will be costlier. Private junior colleges average＄7，000 a year, according to Unger. Tuition for private-for-profit trade schools that usually specialize in one field, such as hair-styling or auto mechanics, varies widely, and Unger warns students to be wary of unethical operators.11. Not just any vocational education or training will do. The trick is to find reputable0high-quality programs and to avoid con artists and dead-end programs, advises Unger. Look for programs that are accredited, offer in-depth academic and vocational instruction, teach real skills for real jobs, provide hands-on work experience, help students in job-hunting, and are linked to potential employers.12. Too often, Unger argues, parents push their reluctant children to go to college. Many drop out. “We are forcing hundreds of thou- sands of kids to go to college and they clearly do not want to be there," he says.13. What about high school graduates who don't want college and don't know what to do next? Start by visiting your school guidance office or library to thumb through The Occupational Outlook Handbook published every two years by the U. S. Labor Department. It offers nuts-and-bolts descriptions of jobs and the training required.14. Think about what interests you — sports, music, gardening, whatever — and what jobs let you pursue that interest, advises Unger. Visit people who do these jobs. Ask questions.15. For example, a high school graduate who loves animals might find a great job grooming dogs in a kennel. But she may out- grow the grooming job. That day, she may decide to go to college to become a veterinarian, “A lot of kids who say they don't want to go to college wind up going anyway, later on,” says Unger.9. The first step high school graduates can do is（ ）
A.A. to identify the job they are interested in by learning what jobs there are and what kind of training are needed正确答案A
B.B. to go to the library and skim through the latest The Occupational Outlook Handbook
C.C. to read carefully descriptions of nuts-and-bolts and see which job suits them best
D.D. to make arrangement with the school guidance office for a visit
(2).Understanding the Text Choose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the text.Choosing Not to Go to College1. True, going to college for four years can be an enriching, eye-opening experience. True, a bachelor's degree is still an asset) if you're trying to make it in America. It's also a must for many crème de la crème careers.2. But not all kids are cut out for college, despite the expectations of their parents or teachers. And, especially in the brave new world of the 21st century, not all kids need to go to college right after high school — or ever—to succeed, says J. Michael Farr, author of America's Top Jobs for People Without a Four-Year Degree.3."The mythology' here is that everybody has to go to college to do well. Not true,” says Farr. “This generation is a little bit better off than ours. But there are so many more options. It's more complex now.”4. A boom'"’ economy coupled with dramatic changes in technology has created entirely new jobs and expanded opportunities in age old professions. Many of these occupations — from computer programmers and Web page designers to chefs and police officers — don't require a bachelor's degree. Neither do many good jobs in the arts, crafts， skilled trades, construction, service industry, science, and health fields. Such jobs include: aircraft mechanic, cardiovascular technologist, electronic technician, law clerk, registered nurse, sales rep, secretary, travel agent ... the list goes on.5. Jenna Norvell, 21, is now full of career ideas thanks to a ten-month cosmetology” pro- gram she attended this year [2000] at the Aveda Institute in Minneapolis. She paid $9,865for tuition and about $6,000 more in expenses, including rent for a one-bedroom apartment she shared with another student. Although Norvell got lots of career leads from salon recruiters8at a career fair hosted by the institute, she didn't meet any from California— where she wants to live. So she plans to find a job out West on her own, perhaps in television or maybe doing makeup for fashion shows. Or selling cosmetics. Or managing a salon." You'd be surprised how many occupations there are in this field,” says Norvell.6. High school students often don't understand there are so many options available to them, says Farr. "That's a shame. People who are interested in various things really can earn a decent living even if they don't want to go to college.”7. It's still true that people with more education, on average, earn more money. But 28 per cent of workers without a four-year degree earn more than the average worker with a bachelor's degree, according to Harlow G. Unger, author of But What if I Don't Want to Go to College? a guide to educational alternatives to college. And more and more computer-savvy young people are skipping college to join the high-tech revolution as computer network engineers, Internet entrepreneurs and game designers.8. Don't get the wrong idea. This doesn't mean you can waltz right into a great job straight out of high school with no skills, training, or effort. To get a good job without a four-year degree, you still must have at least a solid high school education. “Even if you think you're not going to college, you still need to pay attention,” says Farr. “You need to know how to be part of a team, how to communicate effectively verbally, how to learn.”9. And chances are, you will need training after high school through some form of alternative career education. Only four of the fastest growing occupations in the United States re quire a four years degree or more, says Unger. But many of the others — home health aides, building maintenance, teaching aides — require post-high-school training.10. Which vocational education and training you'll need — and the cost — depends upon the vocation you choose. Public community colleges offer some of the best vocational training, often specializing in areas such as the graphic arts, hotel and restaurant management, and building trades, according to Unger. Fulltime tuition averages $1,200 a year, although the range from state-to-state is $600 to $3,500. Vocational training at technical institutes will be costlier. Private junior colleges average＄7，000 a year, according to Unger. Tuition for private-for-profit trade schools that usually specialize in one field, such as hair-styling or auto mechanics, varies widely, and Unger warns students to be wary of unethical operators.11. Not just any vocational education or training will do. The trick is to find reputable0high-quality programs and to avoid con artists and dead-end programs, advises Unger. Look for programs that are accredited, offer in-depth academic and vocational instruction, teach real skills for real jobs, provide hands-on work experience, help students in job-hunting, and are linked to potential employers.12. Too often, Unger argues, parents push their reluctant children to go to college. Many drop out. “We are forcing hundreds of thou- sands of kids to go to college and they clearly do not want to be there," he says.13. What about high school graduates who don't want college and don't know what to do next? Start by visiting your school guidance office or library to thumb through The Occupational Outlook Handbook published every two years by the U. S. Labor Department. It offers nuts-and-bolts descriptions of jobs and the training required.14. Think about what interests you — sports, music, gardening, whatever — and what jobs let you pursue that interest, advises Unger. Visit people who do these jobs. Ask questions.15. For example, a high school graduate who loves animals might find a great job grooming dogs in a kennel. But she may out- grow the grooming job. That day, she may decide to go to college to become a veterinarian, “A lot of kids who say they don't want to go to college wind up going anyway, later on,” says Unger.10. The point implied in the last paragraph is that（ ）
A.A. not all people benefit from four years in college正确答案D
B.B. people don't need a college degree in order to succeed in work or in life
C.C. children will finally find the benefit of college education
D.D. it is better to leave the children to decide whether or when to go to college
(3).Understanding the TextChoose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the teat.Decent Jobs: Social Inclusion and Social Protection1. By far, the most vulnerable older persons are women, who are more likely than men to lack basic literacy and numerical skills less likely to have paid work, and less likely to be eligible4 for pensions —where they are available. When women are eligible for pensions, because of their lower pay and interrupted work histories, they are more likely to receive lower pensions. Older women who have lost their partners greatly outnumber5 their male counterparts6. In some countries, widows are often denied access to or control over re-sources. Also, women's inheritance rights are poorly established in many societies. For these and other reasons, women, especially in developing countries, are much more likely to sink into poverty in their older years. Security schemes to alleviate poverty must take into account that most of the older poor are women, of whom many have limited experience in the labour force.2. The demand for new skills and knowledge places older workers at a disadvantage, as their training and skills developed earlier in life become obsolete. But age discrimination compounds many of the difficulties older workers face in the labour market. Biased attitudes hamper the efforts of older workers to find new employment and discourage employers from providing them with training. However, there is evidence that prejudices against the abilities of older workers are unfounded, and that the average difference in work performance between age groups is significantly less than the differences between workers within each age group.3. Allowing workers who wish to work longer has clear advantages for business. By maintaining a broad pool of workers with a more diverse range of skills and abilities a company can avoid the vacuum created when a number of skilled and experienced employees retire.4. Training and education are particularly important in helping older workers to adapt to changing demands and opportunities. Lifelong learning, which is increasingly recommended by social policy experts, is an important cultural and economic asset. Implicit in the concept of lifelong learning is the rejection of a society structured on the basis of age, in which education and training are one-time undertakings experienced only early in life.5. Information and communication technologies can play an important role in extending working lives. They have the potential to allow older workers to maintain their ties to the labour market and enhance their contributions and their quality of life.6. Telecommuting holds great promise as a tool that can help older workers to maintain their integration in the economy and in society. Savings in transportation costs are just one advantage. For older workers with disabilities telecommuting offers an alternative to premature retirement or disability leave. There are also clear advantages on the employer's side: businesses can retain access to critical skills and knowledge, and do so in a way that saves on office space. However, before this can occur, attitudes on the parts of both employers and workers must change.7. The ability and willingness of older workers to continue working depend also on their personal state of health, conditions of work andmotivation2.Older workers face special difficulties at work, such as greater vulnerability to strain in a working environment, problems in adapting to new working methods and techniques and stresses associated with the transition to retirement. Ensuring appropriate conditions of work for older persons is crucial.8. The vitality of our societies will increasingly depend on active participation by older persons. It is therefore imperative that we foster economic and social conditions that will allow people of all ages to remain integrated into society. An essential challenge is to promote a culture that values the experience and knowledge that come with age.9. The International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations agency that deals with labour issues, advocates the adoption of policy tools oriented to support older workers' participation in economic and social life. To that end, the ILO recommends:Taking action to ensure an appropriate minimum income to all older person. Social security schemes based on the principle of universal coverage for older persons should be developed. Women as well as men should acquire their own rights and independence. Enacting policies aimed at eliminating age discrimination 28 in the labour market and promoting a flexible retirement age.Taking measures —involving both employer and worker organizations — to ensure that older people can continue to participate in economic life and society including providing training and retraining Promoting informal, community-based programs to help older people develop a sense of self-reliance and community responsibility.Involving young people in providing services and care and in participating in activities for and with older persons.Enacting measures that ensure a gradual transition to retirement. Such measures would include pre-retirement courses, lightening the workload during the last years of the working life, and making the age of entitlement to a pension flexible.Ensuring satisfactory working conditions and environment for older workers. Where necessary, working conditions and the working environment should take into account the characteristics of older workers.10. Population aging is not a “catastrophe”, but it does pose a policy challenge. Since aging is a long-term phenomenon, there is sufficient time available for coping mechanisms to be introduced gradually. Such mechanisms are most likely to be found in the world of work and in social transfer systems. The United Nations and the ILO have a vital role to play in developing far-sighted solutions and setting them into motion.1. All of the following contribute to older women's considerable vulnerability EXCEPT that（ ）
A.A. all women have longer life expectancy and live longer than their husbands正确答案A
B.B. women are more likely to lack basic literacy and numerical skills to find a decent job
C.C. women's inheritance rights are poorly established in many societies
D.D. women are less likely to be eligible for pensions
(4).Understanding the TextChoose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the teat.Decent Jobs: Social Inclusion and Social Protection1. By far, the most vulnerable older persons are women, who are more likely than men to lack basic literacy and numerical skills less likely to have paid work, and less likely to be eligible4 for pensions —where they are available. When women are eligible for pensions, because of their lower pay and interrupted work histories, they are more likely to receive lower pensions. Older women who have lost their partners greatly outnumber5 their male counterparts6. In some countries, widows are often denied access to or control over re-sources. Also, women's inheritance rights are poorly established in many societies. For these and other reasons, women, especially in developing countries, are much more likely to sink into poverty in their older years. Security schemes to alleviate poverty must take into account that most of the older poor are women, of whom many have limited experience in the labour force.2. The demand for new skills and knowledge places older workers at a disadvantage, as their training and skills developed earlier in life become obsolete. But age discrimination compounds many of the difficulties older workers face in the labour market. Biased attitudes hamper the efforts of older workers to find new employment and discourage employers from providing them with training. However, there is evidence that prejudices against the abilities of older workers are unfounded, and that the average difference in work performance between age groups is significantly less than the differences between workers within each age group.3. Allowing workers who wish to work longer has clear advantages for business. By maintaining a broad pool of workers with a more diverse range of skills and abilities a company can avoid the vacuum created when a number of skilled and experienced employees retire.4. Training and education are particularly important in helping older workers to adapt to changing demands and opportunities. Lifelong learning, which is increasingly recommended by social policy experts, is an important cultural and economic asset. Implicit in the concept of lifelong learning is the rejection of a society structured on the basis of age, in which education and training are one-time undertakings experienced only early in life.5. Information and communication technologies can play an important role in extending working lives. They have the potential to allow older workers to maintain their ties to the labour market and enhance their contributions and their quality of life.6. Telecommuting holds great promise as a tool that can help older workers to maintain their integration in the economy and in society. Savings in transportation costs are just one advantage. For older workers with disabilities telecommuting offers an alternative to premature retirement or disability leave. There are also clear advantages on the employer's side: businesses can retain access to critical skills and knowledge, and do so in a way that saves on office space. However, before this can occur, attitudes on the parts of both employers and workers must change.7. The ability and willingness of older workers to continue working depend also on their personal state of health, conditions of work andmotivation2.Older workers face special difficulties at work, such as greater vulnerability to strain in a working environment, problems in adapting to new working methods and techniques and stresses associated with the transition to retirement. Ensuring appropriate conditions of work for older persons is crucial.8. The vitality of our societies will increasingly depend on active participation by older persons. It is therefore imperative that we foster economic and social conditions that will allow people of all ages to remain integrated into society. An essential challenge is to promote a culture that values the experience and knowledge that come with age.9. The International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations agency that deals with labour issues, advocates the adoption of policy tools oriented to support older workers' participation in economic and social life. To that end, the ILO recommends:Taking action to ensure an appropriate minimum income to all older person. Social security schemes based on the principle of universal coverage for older persons should be developed. Women as well as men should acquire their own rights and independence. Enacting policies aimed at eliminating age discrimination 28 in the labour market and promoting a flexible retirement age.Taking measures —involving both employer and worker organizations — to ensure that older people can continue to participate in economic life and society including providing training and retraining Promoting informal, community-based programs to help older people develop a sense of self-reliance and community responsibility.Involving young people in providing services and care and in participating in activities for and with older persons.Enacting measures that ensure a gradual transition to retirement. Such measures would include pre-retirement courses, lightening the workload during the last years of the working life, and making the age of entitlement to a pension flexible.Ensuring satisfactory working conditions and environment for older workers. Where necessary, working conditions and the working environment should take into account the characteristics of older workers.10. Population aging is not a “catastrophe”, but it does pose a policy challenge. Since aging is a long-term phenomenon, there is sufficient time available for coping mechanisms to be introduced gradually. Such mechanisms are most likely to be found in the world of work and in social transfer systems. The United Nations and the ILO have a vital role to play in developing far-sighted solutions and setting them into motion.2. Older women are likely to receive lower pensions because（ ）
A.A. they usually have interrupted work histories正确答案A
B.B. they get lower payment before retirement
C.C. they usually retire earlier than men
D.D. they are not as well educated as men
(5).Understanding the TextChoose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the teat.Decent Jobs: Social Inclusion and Social Protection1. By far, the most vulnerable older persons are women, who are more likely than men to lack basic literacy and numerical skills less likely to have paid work, and less likely to be eligible4 for pensions —where they are available. When women are eligible for pensions, because of their lower pay and interrupted work histories, they are more likely to receive lower pensions. Older women who have lost their partners greatly outnumber5 their male counterparts6. In some countries, widows are often denied access to or control over re-sources. Also, women's inheritance rights are poorly established in many societies. For these and other reasons, women, especially in developing countries, are much more likely to sink into poverty in their older years. Security schemes to alleviate poverty must take into account that most of the older poor are women, of whom many have limited experience in the labour force.2. The demand for new skills and knowledge places older workers at a disadvantage, as their training and skills developed earlier in life become obsolete. But age discrimination compounds many of the difficulties older workers face in the labour market. Biased attitudes hamper the efforts of older workers to find new employment and discourage employers from providing them with training. However, there is evidence that prejudices against the abilities of older workers are unfounded, and that the average difference in work performance between age groups is significantly less than the differences between workers within each age group.3. Allowing workers who wish to work longer has clear advantages for business. By maintaining a broad pool of workers with a more diverse range of skills and abilities a company can avoid the vacuum created when a number of skilled and experienced employees retire.4. Training and education are particularly important in helping older workers to adapt to changing demands and opportunities. Lifelong learning, which is increasingly recommended by social policy experts, is an important cultural and economic asset. Implicit in the concept of lifelong learning is the rejection of a society structured on the basis of age, in which education and training are one-time undertakings experienced only early in life.5. Information and communication technologies can play an important role in extending working lives. They have the potential to allow older workers to maintain their ties to the labour market and enhance their contributions and their quality of life.6. Telecommuting holds great promise as a tool that can help older workers to maintain their integration in the economy and in society. Savings in transportation costs are just one advantage. For older workers with disabilities telecommuting offers an alternative to premature retirement or disability leave. There are also clear advantages on the employer's side: businesses can retain access to critical skills and knowledge, and do so in a way that saves on office space. However, before this can occur, attitudes on the parts of both employers and workers must change.7. The ability and willingness of older workers to continue working depend also on their personal state of health, conditions of work andmotivation2.Older workers face special difficulties at work, such as greater vulnerability to strain in a working environment, problems in adapting to new working methods and techniques and stresses associated with the transition to retirement. Ensuring appropriate conditions of work for older persons is crucial.8. The vitality of our societies will increasingly depend on active participation by older persons. It is therefore imperative that we foster economic and social conditions that will allow people of all ages to remain integrated into society. An essential challenge is to promote a culture that values the experience and knowledge that come with age.9. The International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations agency that deals with labour issues, advocates the adoption of policy tools oriented to support older workers' participation in economic and social life. To that end, the ILO recommends:Taking action to ensure an appropriate minimum income to all older person. Social security schemes based on the principle of universal coverage for older persons should be developed. Women as well as men should acquire their own rights and independence. Enacting policies aimed at eliminating age discrimination 28 in the labour market and promoting a flexible retirement age.Taking measures —involving both employer and worker organizations — to ensure that older people can continue to participate in economic life and society including providing training and retraining Promoting informal, community-based programs to help older people develop a sense of self-reliance and community responsibility.Involving young people in providing services and care and in participating in activities for and with older persons.Enacting measures that ensure a gradual transition to retirement. Such measures would include pre-retirement courses, lightening the workload during the last years of the working life, and making the age of entitlement to a pension flexible.Ensuring satisfactory working conditions and environment for older workers. Where necessary, working conditions and the working environment should take into account the characteristics of older workers.10. Population aging is not a “catastrophe”, but it does pose a policy challenge. Since aging is a long-term phenomenon, there is sufficient time available for coping mechanisms to be introduced gradually. Such mechanisms are most likely to be found in the world of work and in social transfer systems. The United Nations and the ILO have a vital role to play in developing far-sighted solutions and setting them into motion.3. The greatest obstacle in skill development for older workers（ ）
A.A. the fast development of technology正确答案C
B.B. their weak ability and skills
C.C. people's prejudice against old age
D.D. a lack of funding
(6).Understanding the TextChoose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the teat.Decent Jobs: Social Inclusion and Social Protection1. By far, the most vulnerable older persons are women, who are more likely than men to lack basic literacy and numerical skills less likely to have paid work, and less likely to be eligible4 for pensions —where they are available. When women are eligible for pensions, because of their lower pay and interrupted work histories, they are more likely to receive lower pensions. Older women who have lost their partners greatly outnumber5 their male counterparts6. In some countries, widows are often denied access to or control over re-sources. Also, women's inheritance rights are poorly established in many societies. For these and other reasons, women, especially in developing countries, are much more likely to sink into poverty in their older years. Security schemes to alleviate poverty must take into account that most of the older poor are women, of whom many have limited experience in the labour force.2. The demand for new skills and knowledge places older workers at a disadvantage, as their training and skills developed earlier in life become obsolete. But age discrimination compounds many of the difficulties older workers face in the labour market. Biased attitudes hamper the efforts of older workers to find new employment and discourage employers from providing them with training. However, there is evidence that prejudices against the abilities of older workers are unfounded, and that the average difference in work performance between age groups is significantly less than the differences between workers within each age group.3. Allowing workers who wish to work longer has clear advantages for business. By maintaining a broad pool of workers with a more diverse range of skills and abilities a company can avoid the vacuum created when a number of skilled and experienced employees retire.4. Training and education are particularly important in helping older workers to adapt to changing demands and opportunities. Lifelong learning, which is increasingly recommended by social policy experts, is an important cultural and economic asset. Implicit in the concept of lifelong learning is the rejection of a society structured on the basis of age, in which education and training are one-time undertakings experienced only early in life.5. Information and communication technologies can play an important role in extending working lives. They have the potential to allow older workers to maintain their ties to the labour market and enhance their contributions and their quality of life.6. Telecommuting holds great promise as a tool that can help older workers to maintain their integration in the economy and in society. Savings in transportation costs are just one advantage. For older workers with disabilities telecommuting offers an alternative to premature retirement or disability leave. There are also clear advantages on the employer's side: businesses can retain access to critical skills and knowledge, and do so in a way that saves on office space. However, before this can occur, attitudes on the parts of both employers and workers must change.7. The ability and willingness of older workers to continue working depend also on their personal state of health, conditions of work andmotivation2.Older workers face special difficulties at work, such as greater vulnerability to strain in a working environment, problems in adapting to new working methods and techniques and stresses associated with the transition to retirement. Ensuring appropriate conditions of work for older persons is crucial.8. The vitality of our societies will increasingly depend on active participation by older persons. It is therefore imperative that we foster economic and social conditions that will allow people of all ages to remain integrated into society. An essential challenge is to promote a culture that values the experience and knowledge that come with age.9. The International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations agency that deals with labour issues, advocates the adoption of policy tools oriented to support older workers' participation in economic and social life. To that end, the ILO recommends:Taking action to ensure an appropriate minimum income to all older person. Social security schemes based on the principle of universal coverage for older persons should be developed. Women as well as men should acquire their own rights and independence. Enacting policies aimed at eliminating age discrimination 28 in the labour market and promoting a flexible retirement age.Taking measures —involving both employer and worker organizations — to ensure that older people can continue to participate in economic life and society including providing training and retraining Promoting informal, community-based programs to help older people develop a sense of self-reliance and community responsibility.Involving young people in providing services and care and in participating in activities for and with older persons.Enacting measures that ensure a gradual transition to retirement. Such measures would include pre-retirement courses, lightening the workload during the last years of the working life, and making the age of entitlement to a pension flexible.Ensuring satisfactory working conditions and environment for older workers. Where necessary, working conditions and the working environment should take into account the characteristics of older workers.10. Population aging is not a “catastrophe”, but it does pose a policy challenge. Since aging is a long-term phenomenon, there is sufficient time available for coping mechanisms to be introduced gradually. Such mechanisms are most likely to be found in the world of work and in social transfer systems. The United Nations and the ILO have a vital role to play in developing far-sighted solutions and setting them into motion.4. In order to help older workers to adapt to changing demands and opportunities, the author suggests（ ）
A.A. more funding正确答案D
B.B. telecommuting
C.C. confidence and hard working
D.D. lifelong learning
(7).Understanding the TextChoose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the teat.Decent Jobs: Social Inclusion and Social Protection1. By far, the most vulnerable older persons are women, who are more likely than men to lack basic literacy and numerical skills less likely to have paid work, and less likely to be eligible4 for pensions —where they are available. When women are eligible for pensions, because of their lower pay and interrupted work histories, they are more likely to receive lower pensions. Older women who have lost their partners greatly outnumber5 their male counterparts6. In some countries, widows are often denied access to or control over re-sources. Also, women's inheritance rights are poorly established in many societies. For these and other reasons, women, especially in developing countries, are much more likely to sink into poverty in their older years. Security schemes to alleviate poverty must take into account that most of the older poor are women, of whom many have limited experience in the labour force.2. The demand for new skills and knowledge places older workers at a disadvantage, as their training and skills developed earlier in life become obsolete. But age discrimination compounds many of the difficulties older workers face in the labour market. Biased attitudes hamper the efforts of older workers to find new employment and discourage employers from providing them with training. However, there is evidence that prejudices against the abilities of older workers are unfounded, and that the average difference in work performance between age groups is significantly less than the differences between workers within each age group.3. Allowing workers who wish to work longer has clear advantages for business. By maintaining a broad pool of workers with a more diverse range of skills and abilities a company can avoid the vacuum created when a number of skilled and experienced employees retire.4. Training and education are particularly important in helping older workers to adapt to changing demands and opportunities. Lifelong learning, which is increasingly recommended by social policy experts, is an important cultural and economic asset. Implicit in the concept of lifelong learning is the rejection of a society structured on the basis of age, in which education and training are one-time undertakings experienced only early in life.5. Information and communication technologies can play an important role in extending working lives. They have the potential to allow older workers to maintain their ties to the labour market and enhance their contributions and their quality of life.6. Telecommuting holds great promise as a tool that can help older workers to maintain their integration in the economy and in society. Savings in transportation costs are just one advantage. For older workers with disabilities telecommuting offers an alternative to premature retirement or disability leave. There are also clear advantages on the employer's side: businesses can retain access to critical skills and knowledge, and do so in a way that saves on office space. However, before this can occur, attitudes on the parts of both employers and workers must change.7. The ability and willingness of older workers to continue working depend also on their personal state of health, conditions of work andmotivation2.Older workers face special difficulties at work, such as greater vulnerability to strain in a working environment, problems in adapting to new working methods and techniques and stresses associated with the transition to retirement. Ensuring appropriate conditions of work for older persons is crucial.8. The vitality of our societies will increasingly depend on active participation by older persons. It is therefore imperative that we foster economic and social conditions that will allow people of all ages to remain integrated into society. An essential challenge is to promote a culture that values the experience and knowledge that come with age.9. The International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations agency that deals with labour issues, advocates the adoption of policy tools oriented to support older workers' participation in economic and social life. To that end, the ILO recommends:Taking action to ensure an appropriate minimum income to all older person. Social security schemes based on the principle of universal coverage for older persons should be developed. Women as well as men should acquire their own rights and independence. Enacting policies aimed at eliminating age discrimination 28 in the labour market and promoting a flexible retirement age.Taking measures —involving both employer and worker organizations — to ensure that older people can continue to participate in economic life and society including providing training and retraining Promoting informal, community-based programs to help older people develop a sense of self-reliance and community responsibility.Involving young people in providing services and care and in participating in activities for and with older persons.Enacting measures that ensure a gradual transition to retirement. Such measures would include pre-retirement courses, lightening the workload during the last years of the working life, and making the age of entitlement to a pension flexible.Ensuring satisfactory working conditions and environment for older workers. Where necessary, working conditions and the working environment should take into account the characteristics of older workers.10. Population aging is not a “catastrophe”, but it does pose a policy challenge. Since aging is a long-term phenomenon, there is sufficient time available for coping mechanisms to be introduced gradually. Such mechanisms are most likely to be found in the world of work and in social transfer systems. The United Nations and the ILO have a vital role to play in developing far-sighted solutions and setting them into motion.5. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a contribution of information and communication technology to extending working lives?（ ）
A.A. They can allow older workers to maintain their ties to the labour market.正确答案D
B.B. They can enhance older workers' contributions.
C.C. They can promote older workers' quality of life.
D.D. They can enhance older workers' working efficiency.
(8).Understanding the TextChoose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the teat.Decent Jobs: Social Inclusion and Social Protection1. By far, the most vulnerable older persons are women, who are more likely than men to lack basic literacy and numerical skills less likely to have paid work, and less likely to be eligible4 for pensions —where they are available. When women are eligible for pensions, because of their lower pay and interrupted work histories, they are more likely to receive lower pensions. Older women who have lost their partners greatly outnumber5 their male counterparts6. In some countries, widows are often denied access to or control over re-sources. Also, women's inheritance rights are poorly established in many societies. For these and other reasons, women, especially in developing countries, are much more likely to sink into poverty in their older years. Security schemes to alleviate poverty must take into account that most of the older poor are women, of whom many have limited experience in the labour force.2. The demand for new skills and knowledge places older workers at a disadvantage, as their training and skills developed earlier in life become obsolete. But age discrimination compounds many of the difficulties older workers face in the labour market. Biased attitudes hamper the efforts of older workers to find new employment and discourage employers from providing them with training. However, there is evidence that prejudices against the abilities of older workers are unfounded, and that the average difference in work performance between age groups is significantly less than the differences between workers within each age group.3. Allowing workers who wish to work longer has clear advantages for business. By maintaining a broad pool of workers with a more diverse range of skills and abilities a company can avoid the vacuum created when a number of skilled and experienced employees retire.4. Training and education are particularly important in helping older workers to adapt to changing demands and opportunities. Lifelong learning, which is increasingly recommended by social policy experts, is an important cultural and economic asset. Implicit in the concept of lifelong learning is the rejection of a society structured on the basis of age, in which education and training are one-time undertakings experienced only early in life.5. Information and communication technologies can play an important role in extending working lives. They have the potential to allow older workers to maintain their ties to the labour market and enhance their contributions and their quality of life.6. Telecommuting holds great promise as a tool that can help older workers to maintain their integration in the economy and in society. Savings in transportation costs are just one advantage. For older workers with disabilities telecommuting offers an alternative to premature retirement or disability leave. There are also clear advantages on the employer's side: businesses can retain access to critical skills and knowledge, and do so in a way that saves on office space. However, before this can occur, attitudes on the parts of both employers and workers must change.7. The ability and willingness of older workers to continue working depend also on their personal state of health, conditions of work andmotivation2.Older workers face special difficulties at work, such as greater vulnerability to strain in a working environment, problems in adapting to new working methods and techniques and stresses associated with the transition to retirement. Ensuring appropriate conditions of work for older persons is crucial.8. The vitality of our societies will increasingly depend on active participation by older persons. It is therefore imperative that we foster economic and social conditions that will allow people of all ages to remain integrated into society. An essential challenge is to promote a culture that values the experience and knowledge that come with age.9. The International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations agency that deals with labour issues, advocates the adoption of policy tools oriented to support older workers' participation in economic and social life. To that end, the ILO recommends:Taking action to ensure an appropriate minimum income to all older person. Social security schemes based on the principle of universal coverage for older persons should be developed. Women as well as men should acquire their own rights and independence. Enacting policies aimed at eliminating age discrimination 28 in the labour market and promoting a flexible retirement age.Taking measures —involving both employer and worker organizations — to ensure that older people can continue to participate in economic life and society including providing training and retraining Promoting informal, community-based programs to help older people develop a sense of self-reliance and community responsibility.Involving young people in providing services and care and in participating in activities for and with older persons.Enacting measures that ensure a gradual transition to retirement. Such measures would include pre-retirement courses, lightening the workload during the last years of the working life, and making the age of entitlement to a pension flexible.Ensuring satisfactory working conditions and environment for older workers. Where necessary, working conditions and the working environment should take into account the characteristics of older workers.10. Population aging is not a “catastrophe”, but it does pose a policy challenge. Since aging is a long-term phenomenon, there is sufficient time available for coping mechanisms to be introduced gradually. Such mechanisms are most likely to be found in the world of work and in social transfer systems. The United Nations and the ILO have a vital role to play in developing far-sighted solutions and setting them into motion.6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of “tele-commuting”?（ ）
A.A. It helps employees save transportation costs.正确答案D
B.B. It helps employers save office space.
C.C. It helps employers by providing an alternative to retire earlier.
D.D. It helps employees by providing them with more freedom.
(9).Understanding the TextChoose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the teat.Decent Jobs: Social Inclusion and Social Protection1. By far, the most vulnerable older persons are women, who are more likely than men to lack basic literacy and numerical skills less likely to have paid work, and less likely to be eligible4 for pensions —where they are available. When women are eligible for pensions, because of their lower pay and interrupted work histories, they are more likely to receive lower pensions. Older women who have lost their partners greatly outnumber5 their male counterparts6. In some countries, widows are often denied access to or control over re-sources. Also, women's inheritance rights are poorly established in many societies. For these and other reasons, women, especially in developing countries, are much more likely to sink into poverty in their older years. Security schemes to alleviate poverty must take into account that most of the older poor are women, of whom many have limited experience in the labour force.2. The demand for new skills and knowledge places older workers at a disadvantage, as their training and skills developed earlier in life become obsolete. But age discrimination compounds many of the difficulties older workers face in the labour market. Biased attitudes hamper the efforts of older workers to find new employment and discourage employers from providing them with training. However, there is evidence that prejudices against the abilities of older workers are unfounded, and that the average difference in work performance between age groups is significantly less than the differences between workers within each age group.3. Allowing workers who wish to work longer has clear advantages for business. By maintaining a broad pool of workers with a more diverse range of skills and abilities a company can avoid the vacuum created when a number of skilled and experienced employees retire.4. Training and education are particularly important in helping older workers to adapt to changing demands and opportunities. Lifelong learning, which is increasingly recommended by social policy experts, is an important cultural and economic asset. Implicit in the concept of lifelong learning is the rejection of a society structured on the basis of age, in which education and training are one-time undertakings experienced only early in life.5. Information and communication technologies can play an important role in extending working lives. They have the potential to allow older workers to maintain their ties to the labour market and enhance their contributions and their quality of life.6. Telecommuting holds great promise as a tool that can help older workers to maintain their integration in the economy and in society. Savings in transportation costs are just one advantage. For older workers with disabilities telecommuting offers an alternative to premature retirement or disability leave. There are also clear advantages on the employer's side: businesses can retain access to critical skills and knowledge, and do so in a way that saves on office space. However, before this can occur, attitudes on the parts of both employers and workers must change.7. The ability and willingness of older workers to continue working depend also on their personal state of health, conditions of work andmotivation2.Older workers face special difficulties at work, such as greater vulnerability to strain in a working environment, problems in adapting to new working methods and techniques and stresses associated with the transition to retirement. Ensuring appropriate conditions of work for older persons is crucial.8. The vitality of our societies will increasingly depend on active participation by older persons. It is therefore imperative that we foster economic and social conditions that will allow people of all ages to remain integrated into society. An essential challenge is to promote a culture that values the experience and knowledge that come with age.9. The International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations agency that deals with labour issues, advocates the adoption of policy tools oriented to support older workers' participation in economic and social life. To that end, the ILO recommends:Taking action to ensure an appropriate minimum income to all older person. Social security schemes based on the principle of universal coverage for older persons should be developed. Women as well as men should acquire their own rights and independence. Enacting policies aimed at eliminating age discrimination 28 in the labour market and promoting a flexible retirement age.Taking measures —involving both employer and worker organizations — to ensure that older people can continue to participate in economic life and society including providing training and retraining Promoting informal, community-based programs to help older people develop a sense of self-reliance and community responsibility.Involving young people in providing services and care and in participating in activities for and with older persons.Enacting measures that ensure a gradual transition to retirement. Such measures would include pre-retirement courses, lightening the workload during the last years of the working life, and making the age of entitlement to a pension flexible.Ensuring satisfactory working conditions and environment for older workers. Where necessary, working conditions and the working environment should take into account the characteristics of older workers.10. Population aging is not a “catastrophe”, but it does pose a policy challenge. Since aging is a long-term phenomenon, there is sufficient time available for coping mechanisms to be introduced gradually. Such mechanisms are most likely to be found in the world of work and in social transfer systems. The United Nations and the ILO have a vital role to play in developing far-sighted solutions and setting them into motion.7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a difficulty older workers have to face at work?（ ）
A.A. Problems in adapting to new working methods and techniques.正确答案B
B.B. Their personal state of health at the age of retirement.
C.C. Greater vulnerability to strain in a working environment.
D.D. Stresses associated with the transition to retirement.
(10).Understanding the TextChoose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the teat.Decent Jobs: Social Inclusion and Social Protection1. By far, the most vulnerable older persons are women, who are more likely than men to lack basic literacy and numerical skills less likely to have paid work, and less likely to be eligible4 for pensions —where they are available. When women are eligible for pensions, because of their lower pay and interrupted work histories, they are more likely to receive lower pensions. Older women who have lost their partners greatly outnumber5 their male counterparts6. In some countries, widows are often denied access to or control over re-sources. Also, women's inheritance rights are poorly established in many societies. For these and other reasons, women, especially in developing countries, are much more likely to sink into poverty in their older years. Security schemes to alleviate poverty must take into account that most of the older poor are women, of whom many have limited experience in the labour force.2. The demand for new skills and knowledge places older workers at a disadvantage, as their training and skills developed earlier in life become obsolete. But age discrimination compounds many of the difficulties older workers face in the labour market. Biased attitudes hamper the efforts of older workers to find new employment and discourage employers from providing them with training. However, there is evidence that prejudices against the abilities of older workers are unfounded, and that the average difference in work performance between age groups is significantly less than the differences between workers within each age group.3. Allowing workers who wish to work longer has clear advantages for business. By maintaining a broad pool of workers with a more diverse range of skills and abilities a company can avoid the vacuum created when a number of skilled and experienced employees retire.4. Training and education are particularly important in helping older workers to adapt to changing demands and opportunities. Lifelong learning, which is increasingly recommended by social policy experts, is an important cultural and economic asset. Implicit in the concept of lifelong learning is the rejection of a society structured on the basis of age, in which education and training are one-time undertakings experienced only early in life.5. Information and communication technologies can play an important role in extending working lives. They have the potential to allow older workers to maintain their ties to the labour market and enhance their contributions and their quality of life.6. Telecommuting holds great promise as a tool that can help older workers to maintain their integration in the economy and in society. Savings in transportation costs are just one advantage. For older workers with disabilities telecommuting offers an alternative to premature retirement or disability leave. There are also clear advantages on the employer's side: businesses can retain access to critical skills and knowledge, and do so in a way that saves on office space. However, before this can occur, attitudes on the parts of both employers and workers must change.7. The ability and willingness of older workers to continue working depend also on their personal state of health, conditions of work andmotivation2.Older workers face special difficulties at work, such as greater vulnerability to strain in a working environment, problems in adapting to new working methods and techniques and stresses associated with the transition to retirement. Ensuring appropriate conditions of work for older persons is crucial.8. The vitality of our societies will increasingly depend on active participation by older persons. It is therefore imperative that we foster economic and social conditions that will allow people of all ages to remain integrated into society. An essential challenge is to promote a culture that values the experience and knowledge that come with age.9. The International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations agency that deals with labour issues, advocates the adoption of policy tools oriented to support older workers' participation in economic and social life. To that end, the ILO recommends:Taking action to ensure an appropriate minimum income to all older person. Social security schemes based on the principle of universal coverage for older persons should be developed. Women as well as men should acquire their own rights and independence. Enacting policies aimed at eliminating age discrimination 28 in the labour market and promoting a flexible retirement age.Taking measures —involving both employer and worker organizations — to ensure that older people can continue to participate in economic life and society including providing training and retraining Promoting informal, community-based programs to help older people develop a sense of self-reliance and community responsibility.Involving young people in providing services and care and in participating in activities for and with older persons.Enacting measures that ensure a gradual transition to retirement. Such measures would include pre-retirement courses, lightening the workload during the last years of the working life, and making the age of entitlement to a pension flexible.Ensuring satisfactory working conditions and environment for older workers. Where necessary, working conditions and the working environment should take into account the characteristics of older workers.10. Population aging is not a “catastrophe”, but it does pose a policy challenge. Since aging is a long-term phenomenon, there is sufficient time available for coping mechanisms to be introduced gradually. Such mechanisms are most likely to be found in the world of work and in social transfer systems. The United Nations and the ILO have a vital role to play in developing far-sighted solutions and setting them into motion.8. An essential challenge to foster economic and social conditions that will allow people of all ages to remain integrated into society is( )issue.
A.A. a social正确答案C
B.B. an economic
C.C. a cultural
D.D. a political
(11).Understanding the TextChoose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the teat.Decent Jobs: Social Inclusion and Social Protection1. By far, the most vulnerable older persons are women, who are more likely than men to lack basic literacy and numerical skills less likely to have paid work, and less likely to be eligible4 for pensions —where they are available. When women are eligible for pensions, because of their lower pay and interrupted work histories, they are more likely to receive lower pensions. Older women who have lost their partners greatly outnumber5 their male counterparts6. In some countries, widows are often denied access to or control over re-sources. Also, women's inheritance rights are poorly established in many societies. For these and other reasons, women, especially in developing countries, are much more likely to sink into poverty in their older years. Security schemes to alleviate poverty must take into account that most of the older poor are women, of whom many have limited experience in the labour force.2. The demand for new skills and knowledge places older workers at a disadvantage, as their training and skills developed earlier in life become obsolete. But age discrimination compounds many of the difficulties older workers face in the labour market. Biased attitudes hamper the efforts of older workers to find new employment and discourage employers from providing them with training. However, there is evidence that prejudices against the abilities of older workers are unfounded, and that the average difference in work performance between age groups is significantly less than the differences between workers within each age group.3. Allowing workers who wish to work longer has clear advantages for business. By maintaining a broad pool of workers with a more diverse range of skills and abilities a company can avoid the vacuum created when a number of skilled and experienced employees retire.4. Training and education are particularly important in helping older workers to adapt to changing demands and opportunities. Lifelong learning, which is increasingly recommended by social policy experts, is an important cultural and economic asset. Implicit in the concept of lifelong learning is the rejection of a society structured on the basis of age, in which education and training are one-time undertakings experienced only early in life.5. Information and communication technologies can play an important role in extending working lives. They have the potential to allow older workers to maintain their ties to the labour market and enhance their contributions and their quality of life.6. Telecommuting holds great promise as a tool that can help older workers to maintain their integration in the economy and in society. Savings in transportation costs are just one advantage. For older workers with disabilities telecommuting offers an alternative to premature retirement or disability leave. There are also clear advantages on the employer's side: businesses can retain access to critical skills and knowledge, and do so in a way that saves on office space. However, before this can occur, attitudes on the parts of both employers and workers must change.7. The ability and willingness of older workers to continue working depend also on their personal state of health, conditions of work andmotivation2.Older workers face special difficulties at work, such as greater vulnerability to strain in a working environment, problems in adapting to new working methods and techniques and stresses associated with the transition to retirement. Ensuring appropriate conditions of work for older persons is crucial.8. The vitality of our societies will increasingly depend on active participation by older persons. It is therefore imperative that we foster economic and social conditions that will allow people of all ages to remain integrated into society. An essential challenge is to promote a culture that values the experience and knowledge that come with age.9. The International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations agency that deals with labour issues, advocates the adoption of policy tools oriented to support older workers' participation in economic and social life. To that end, the ILO recommends:Taking action to ensure an appropriate minimum income to all older person. Social security schemes based on the principle of universal coverage for older persons should be developed. Women as well as men should acquire their own rights and independence. Enacting policies aimed at eliminating age discrimination 28 in the labour market and promoting a flexible retirement age.Taking measures —involving both employer and worker organizations — to ensure that older people can continue to participate in economic life and society including providing training and retraining Promoting informal, community-based programs to help older people develop a sense of self-reliance and community responsibility.Involving young people in providing services and care and in participating in activities for and with older persons.Enacting measures that ensure a gradual transition to retirement. Such measures would include pre-retirement courses, lightening the workload during the last years of the working life, and making the age of entitlement to a pension flexible.Ensuring satisfactory working conditions and environment for older workers. Where necessary, working conditions and the working environment should take into account the characteristics of older workers.10. Population aging is not a “catastrophe”, but it does pose a policy challenge. Since aging is a long-term phenomenon, there is sufficient time available for coping mechanisms to be introduced gradually. Such mechanisms are most likely to be found in the world of work and in social transfer systems. The United Nations and the ILO have a vital role to play in developing far-sighted solutions and setting them into motion.9. Which of the following is NOT true about ILO?（ ）
A.A. It deals with labour issues.正确答案C
B.B. It is a branch of UN.
C.C. It has found solutions to population aging.
D.D. It is concerned with older people's benefits.
(12).Understanding the TextChoose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the teat.Decent Jobs: Social Inclusion and Social Protection1. By far, the most vulnerable older persons are women, who are more likely than men to lack basic literacy and numerical skills less likely to have paid work, and less likely to be eligible4 for pensions —where they are available. When women are eligible for pensions, because of their lower pay and interrupted work histories, they are more likely to receive lower pensions. Older women who have lost their partners greatly outnumber5 their male counterparts6. In some countries, widows are often denied access to or control over re-sources. Also, women's inheritance rights are poorly established in many societies. For these and other reasons, women, especially in developing countries, are much more likely to sink into poverty in their older years. Security schemes to alleviate poverty must take into account that most of the older poor are women, of whom many have limited experience in the labour force.2. The demand for new skills and knowledge places older workers at a disadvantage, as their training and skills developed earlier in life become obsolete. But age discrimination compounds many of the difficulties older workers face in the labour market. Biased attitudes hamper the efforts of older workers to find new employment and discourage employers from providing them with training. However, there is evidence that prejudices against the abilities of older workers are unfounded, and that the average difference in work performance between age groups is significantly less than the differences between workers within each age group.3. Allowing workers who wish to work longer has clear advantages for business. By maintaining a broad pool of workers with a more diverse range of skills and abilities a company can avoid the vacuum created when a number of skilled and experienced employees retire.4. Training and education are particularly important in helping older workers to adapt to changing demands and opportunities. Lifelong learning, which is increasingly recommended by social policy experts, is an important cultural and economic asset. Implicit in the concept of lifelong learning is the rejection of a society structured on the basis of age, in which education and training are one-time undertakings experienced only early in life.5. Information and communication technologies can play an important role in extending working lives. They have the potential to allow older workers to maintain their ties to the labour market and enhance their contributions and their quality of life.6. Telecommuting holds great promise as a tool that can help older workers to maintain their integration in the economy and in society. Savings in transportation costs are just one advantage. For older workers with disabilities telecommuting offers an alternative to premature retirement or disability leave. There are also clear advantages on the employer's side: businesses can retain access to critical skills and knowledge, and do so in a way that saves on office space. However, before this can occur, attitudes on the parts of both employers and workers must change.7. The ability and willingness of older workers to continue working depend also on their personal state of health, conditions of work andmotivation2.Older workers face special difficulties at work, such as greater vulnerability to strain in a working environment, problems in adapting to new working methods and techniques and stresses associated with the transition to retirement. Ensuring appropriate conditions of work for older persons is crucial.8. The vitality of our societies will increasingly depend on active participation by older persons. It is therefore imperative that we foster economic and social conditions that will allow people of all ages to remain integrated into society. An essential challenge is to promote a culture that values the experience and knowledge that come with age.9. The International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations agency that deals with labour issues, advocates the adoption of policy tools oriented to support older workers' participation in economic and social life. To that end, the ILO recommends:Taking action to ensure an appropriate minimum income to all older person. Social security schemes based on the principle of universal coverage for older persons should be developed. Women as well as men should acquire their own rights and independence. Enacting policies aimed at eliminating age discrimination 28 in the labour market and promoting a flexible retirement age.Taking measures —involving both employer and worker organizations — to ensure that older people can continue to participate in economic life and society including providing training and retraining Promoting informal, community-based programs to help older people develop a sense of self-reliance and community responsibility.Involving young people in providing services and care and in participating in activities for and with older persons.Enacting measures that ensure a gradual transition to retirement. Such measures would include pre-retirement courses, lightening the workload during the last years of the working life, and making the age of entitlement to a pension flexible.Ensuring satisfactory working conditions and environment for older workers. Where necessary, working conditions and the working environment should take into account the characteristics of older workers.10. Population aging is not a “catastrophe”, but it does pose a policy challenge. Since aging is a long-term phenomenon, there is sufficient time available for coping mechanisms to be introduced gradually. Such mechanisms are most likely to be found in the world of work and in social transfer systems. The United Nations and the ILO have a vital role to play in developing far-sighted solutions and setting them into motion.10. What was the author's purpose when writing this passage?（ ）
A.A. To discuss methods of solving aging problem.正确答案A
B.B. To give a general description of the aging problem.
C.C. To explain how aging problems get worse.
D.D. To give practical instructions for solving aging problem.
(13).Choose the best answer for each of thefoilowing questions according to the text.
The Land of Free Stuff
1.Cyberspace is a veritable heaven for those looking for something for nothing —— or nearly nothing. FreeStuff-Net. com provides access to an assortment of sites offering handouts. There's "Just Free Stuff," "Freebie Land," "It's Free 4U," "Planet Freebie," "Free Love," "Free Samples," and "Free.com." Beware — the goal of many such sites is simply to get your name and address.
2.It would be unfair to leave the wonderful world of free stuff without mentioning Blue Mountain Arts Publishing, launched11 by two former hippies as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web." Their stroke of genius was to give away billions of online greeting cards in nine different languages,absolutely free. This concept was so exciting that the owners of the Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for the company if it met certain sales targets during the holidays when most greeting cards are sold.
3.But why would any serious business agree to give away so much stuff? The answer is that the bluemountain, com site gets about a million hits a day from people ordering free cards for dozens of occasions, and most of them also order flowers, candy, and gifts, which is where Excite # 064；Home sees a potential gold mine. It's even introduced a new high-tech card that can be used to send loved ones electronic flowers.
4.From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice： the village seamstress on how to make a buttonhole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready.
5.Exp. com claims to have “tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the more restrained Abuzz, com, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to “Ask Anything! Real People. Real Answers. " It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, audemocratization of expertise. ” However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented the light bulb?"，the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri191 of personal opinions.
Online Education
6.Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. "The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,"says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people.
7.The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix(http：//onl.uophx.edu/) , with some 6,000 students today and hopes of reaching 200,000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education, and nursing. The institution boasts that if you're a student "you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want." The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete.
8.On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings — and graduates prove their worth — is anyone's guess.
"Old" Economy Greets the “New”
9.Corporations have suddenly awakened to the fact that the Internet can save them billions of dollars in conducting their everyday affairs, with some of it showing up in lower prices for the consumer. And it's only the beginning. "Where do you think we are as an economy as far as e-business goes?" Fortune magazine recently asked General Electric's legendary CEO Jack Welch, who immediately replied, "First inning."
10.How right he is can be seen in a two-story brick building on Chicago's industrial South Side, home to the Corrugated Supplies Corporation, which manufactures corrugated sheets for boxes and other products. Despite the company's low-tech image, owner Rick Van Horne may have moved e-business into a second inning and then some： The computerized production system that he built by hand can fill customers'orders — to their exact specifications — and deliver the goods in less than 24 hours, with a 35% reduction in waste.
11.This success hiked; Corrugated Supplies, sales from $ 40 million in 1997 to $ 100 million in 2000. Van Horne is now offering to teach other companies everything he knows about building high-tech factories.
12.The billions of dollars a year that American companies are saving thanks to the Internet's ability to slash their cost of doing business is making them even more successful competitors on world markets. This is reflected in better prices for their customers and increased profits for themselves, with much of it coming from greatly improved ways of cutting costs.
13.Ford,General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler, among others, have created Covisint, a $ 300-biliion mega 16 market for buying auto parts. It's a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lose the business. Still others are doing this on their own, such as the big airconditioner parts manufacturer Trane Company, which set up its own private online exchange that forced its 5,000 dealers to continually bid against each other for its business.
Where Do We Go Next?
14.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.
15.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.
1.According to this passage, the author of the article may agree to which of the following statements?
A.People should be careful when they are ,looking for free stuff online.正确答案A
B.Don't trust any website named “Just Free Stuff”, "It's Free 4U", "Planet Freebie""Free Love,""Free Samples,"and "Free.com."
C.You have to give your name and address if you want free stuff from the Internet.
D.You should keep in mind that there is no such thing as a "free lunch".
(14).Choose the best answer for each of thefoilowing questions according to the text.
The Land of Free Stuff
1.Cyberspace is a veritable heaven for those looking for something for nothing —— or nearly nothing. FreeStuff-Net. com provides access to an assortment of sites offering handouts. There's "Just Free Stuff," "Freebie Land," "It's Free 4U," "Planet Freebie," "Free Love," "Free Samples," and "Free.com." Beware — the goal of many such sites is simply to get your name and address.
2.It would be unfair to leave the wonderful world of free stuff without mentioning Blue Mountain Arts Publishing, launched11 by two former hippies as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web." Their stroke of genius was to give away billions of online greeting cards in nine different languages,absolutely free. This concept was so exciting that the owners of the Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for the company if it met certain sales targets during the holidays when most greeting cards are sold.
3.But why would any serious business agree to give away so much stuff? The answer is that the bluemountain, com site gets about a million hits a day from people ordering free cards for dozens of occasions, and most of them also order flowers, candy, and gifts, which is where Excite # 064；Home sees a potential gold mine. It's even introduced a new high-tech card that can be used to send loved ones electronic flowers.
4.From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice： the village seamstress on how to make a buttonhole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready.
5.Exp. com claims to have “tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the more restrained Abuzz, com, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to “Ask Anything! Real People. Real Answers. " It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, audemocratization of expertise. ” However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented the light bulb?"，the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri191 of personal opinions.
Online Education
6.Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. "The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,"says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people.
7.The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix(http：//onl.uophx.edu/) , with some 6,000 students today and hopes of reaching 200,000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education, and nursing. The institution boasts that if you're a student "you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want." The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete.
8.On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings — and graduates prove their worth — is anyone's guess.
"Old" Economy Greets the “New”
9.Corporations have suddenly awakened to the fact that the Internet can save them billions of dollars in conducting their everyday affairs, with some of it showing up in lower prices for the consumer. And it's only the beginning. "Where do you think we are as an economy as far as e-business goes?" Fortune magazine recently asked General Electric's legendary CEO Jack Welch, who immediately replied, "First inning."
10.How right he is can be seen in a two-story brick building on Chicago's industrial South Side, home to the Corrugated Supplies Corporation, which manufactures corrugated sheets for boxes and other products. Despite the company's low-tech image, owner Rick Van Horne may have moved e-business into a second inning and then some： The computerized production system that he built by hand can fill customers'orders — to their exact specifications — and deliver the goods in less than 24 hours, with a 35% reduction in waste.
11.This success hiked; Corrugated Supplies, sales from $ 40 million in 1997 to $ 100 million in 2000. Van Horne is now offering to teach other companies everything he knows about building high-tech factories.
12.The billions of dollars a year that American companies are saving thanks to the Internet's ability to slash their cost of doing business is making them even more successful competitors on world markets. This is reflected in better prices for their customers and increased profits for themselves, with much of it coming from greatly improved ways of cutting costs.
13.Ford,General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler, among others, have created Covisint, a $ 300-biliion mega 16 market for buying auto parts. It's a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lose the business. Still others are doing this on their own, such as the big airconditioner parts manufacturer Trane Company, which set up its own private online exchange that forced its 5,000 dealers to continually bid against each other for its business.
Where Do We Go Next?
14.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.
15.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.
2.Which of the following statement is true about "bluemountain. com site"?
A.The goal of it is simply to get visitors' names and addresses.正确答案D
B.It gets about 10 million hits a day from people ordering free cards.
C.It was initiated by 2 hippies who speak 9 different languages as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web."
D.If it met certain sales targets during the holidays the owner of the company of this site will get paid about $ 1 billion.
(15).Choose the best answer for each of thefoilowing questions according to the text.
The Land of Free Stuff
1.Cyberspace is a veritable heaven for those looking for something for nothing —— or nearly nothing. FreeStuff-Net. com provides access to an assortment of sites offering handouts. There's "Just Free Stuff," "Freebie Land," "It's Free 4U," "Planet Freebie," "Free Love," "Free Samples," and "Free.com." Beware — the goal of many such sites is simply to get your name and address.
2.It would be unfair to leave the wonderful world of free stuff without mentioning Blue Mountain Arts Publishing, launched11 by two former hippies as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web." Their stroke of genius was to give away billions of online greeting cards in nine different languages,absolutely free. This concept was so exciting that the owners of the Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for the company if it met certain sales targets during the holidays when most greeting cards are sold.
3.But why would any serious business agree to give away so much stuff? The answer is that the bluemountain, com site gets about a million hits a day from people ordering free cards for dozens of occasions, and most of them also order flowers, candy, and gifts, which is where Excite # 064；Home sees a potential gold mine. It's even introduced a new high-tech card that can be used to send loved ones electronic flowers.
4.From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice： the village seamstress on how to make a buttonhole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready.
5.Exp. com claims to have “tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the more restrained Abuzz, com, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to “Ask Anything! Real People. Real Answers. " It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, audemocratization of expertise. ” However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented the light bulb?"，the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri191 of personal opinions.
Online Education
6.Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. "The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,"says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people.
7.The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix(http：//onl.uophx.edu/) , with some 6,000 students today and hopes of reaching 200,000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education, and nursing. The institution boasts that if you're a student "you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want." The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete.
8.On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings — and graduates prove their worth — is anyone's guess.
"Old" Economy Greets the “New”
9.Corporations have suddenly awakened to the fact that the Internet can save them billions of dollars in conducting their everyday affairs, with some of it showing up in lower prices for the consumer. And it's only the beginning. "Where do you think we are as an economy as far as e-business goes?" Fortune magazine recently asked General Electric's legendary CEO Jack Welch, who immediately replied, "First inning."
10.How right he is can be seen in a two-story brick building on Chicago's industrial South Side, home to the Corrugated Supplies Corporation, which manufactures corrugated sheets for boxes and other products. Despite the company's low-tech image, owner Rick Van Horne may have moved e-business into a second inning and then some： The computerized production system that he built by hand can fill customers'orders — to their exact specifications — and deliver the goods in less than 24 hours, with a 35% reduction in waste.
11.This success hiked; Corrugated Supplies, sales from $ 40 million in 1997 to $ 100 million in 2000. Van Horne is now offering to teach other companies everything he knows about building high-tech factories.
12.The billions of dollars a year that American companies are saving thanks to the Internet's ability to slash their cost of doing business is making them even more successful competitors on world markets. This is reflected in better prices for their customers and increased profits for themselves, with much of it coming from greatly improved ways of cutting costs.
13.Ford,General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler, among others, have created Covisint, a $ 300-biliion mega 16 market for buying auto parts. It's a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lose the business. Still others are doing this on their own, such as the big airconditioner parts manufacturer Trane Company, which set up its own private online exchange that forced its 5,000 dealers to continually bid against each other for its business.
Where Do We Go Next?
14.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.
15.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.
3.The Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for Blue Mountain Arts Publishing because _______.
A.they see the potential of earning large sum of money正确答案A
B.they are interested in helping the hippies to establish a "spiritual and emotional center for the web"
C.they want to purchase the Blue Mountain Arts Publishing company
D.they want to put advertisement on the Blue Mountain Arts Publishing company's website to make their own company famous
(16).Choose the best answer for each of thefoilowing questions according to the text.
The Land of Free Stuff
1.Cyberspace is a veritable heaven for those looking for something for nothing —— or nearly nothing. FreeStuff-Net. com provides access to an assortment of sites offering handouts. There's "Just Free Stuff," "Freebie Land," "It's Free 4U," "Planet Freebie," "Free Love," "Free Samples," and "Free.com." Beware — the goal of many such sites is simply to get your name and address.
2.It would be unfair to leave the wonderful world of free stuff without mentioning Blue Mountain Arts Publishing, launched11 by two former hippies as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web." Their stroke of genius was to give away billions of online greeting cards in nine different languages,absolutely free. This concept was so exciting that the owners of the Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for the company if it met certain sales targets during the holidays when most greeting cards are sold.
3.But why would any serious business agree to give away so much stuff? The answer is that the bluemountain, com site gets about a million hits a day from people ordering free cards for dozens of occasions, and most of them also order flowers, candy, and gifts, which is where Excite # 064；Home sees a potential gold mine. It's even introduced a new high-tech card that can be used to send loved ones electronic flowers.
4.From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice： the village seamstress on how to make a buttonhole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready.
5.Exp. com claims to have “tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the more restrained Abuzz, com, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to “Ask Anything! Real People. Real Answers. " It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, audemocratization of expertise. ” However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented the light bulb?"，the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri191 of personal opinions.
Online Education
6.Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. "The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,"says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people.
7.The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix(http：//onl.uophx.edu/) , with some 6,000 students today and hopes of reaching 200,000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education, and nursing. The institution boasts that if you're a student "you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want." The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete.
8.On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings — and graduates prove their worth — is anyone's guess.
"Old" Economy Greets the “New”
9.Corporations have suddenly awakened to the fact that the Internet can save them billions of dollars in conducting their everyday affairs, with some of it showing up in lower prices for the consumer. And it's only the beginning. "Where do you think we are as an economy as far as e-business goes?" Fortune magazine recently asked General Electric's legendary CEO Jack Welch, who immediately replied, "First inning."
10.How right he is can be seen in a two-story brick building on Chicago's industrial South Side, home to the Corrugated Supplies Corporation, which manufactures corrugated sheets for boxes and other products. Despite the company's low-tech image, owner Rick Van Horne may have moved e-business into a second inning and then some： The computerized production system that he built by hand can fill customers'orders — to their exact specifications — and deliver the goods in less than 24 hours, with a 35% reduction in waste.
11.This success hiked; Corrugated Supplies, sales from $ 40 million in 1997 to $ 100 million in 2000. Van Horne is now offering to teach other companies everything he knows about building high-tech factories.
12.The billions of dollars a year that American companies are saving thanks to the Internet's ability to slash their cost of doing business is making them even more successful competitors on world markets. This is reflected in better prices for their customers and increased profits for themselves, with much of it coming from greatly improved ways of cutting costs.
13.Ford,General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler, among others, have created Covisint, a $ 300-biliion mega 16 market for buying auto parts. It's a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lose the business. Still others are doing this on their own, such as the big airconditioner parts manufacturer Trane Company, which set up its own private online exchange that forced its 5,000 dealers to continually bid against each other for its business.
Where Do We Go Next?
14.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.
15.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.
4.In a comparison between the experts in the old days and nowadays online experts, we may assume that the author ______.
A.trusts experts in the old days more正确答案A
B.believes that online experts can answer people's questions better
C.trusts the intelligence of large amounts of experts online
D.believes that most of the online experts are qualified to solve people's problems
(17).Choose the best answer for each of thefoilowing questions according to the text.
The Land of Free Stuff
1.Cyberspace is a veritable heaven for those looking for something for nothing —— or nearly nothing. FreeStuff-Net. com provides access to an assortment of sites offering handouts. There's "Just Free Stuff," "Freebie Land," "It's Free 4U," "Planet Freebie," "Free Love," "Free Samples," and "Free.com." Beware — the goal of many such sites is simply to get your name and address.
2.It would be unfair to leave the wonderful world of free stuff without mentioning Blue Mountain Arts Publishing, launched11 by two former hippies as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web." Their stroke of genius was to give away billions of online greeting cards in nine different languages,absolutely free. This concept was so exciting that the owners of the Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for the company if it met certain sales targets during the holidays when most greeting cards are sold.
3.But why would any serious business agree to give away so much stuff? The answer is that the bluemountain, com site gets about a million hits a day from people ordering free cards for dozens of occasions, and most of them also order flowers, candy, and gifts, which is where Excite # 064；Home sees a potential gold mine. It's even introduced a new high-tech card that can be used to send loved ones electronic flowers.
4.From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice： the village seamstress on how to make a buttonhole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready.
5.Exp. com claims to have “tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the more restrained Abuzz, com, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to “Ask Anything! Real People. Real Answers. " It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, audemocratization of expertise. ” However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented the light bulb?"，the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri191 of personal opinions.
Online Education
6.Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. "The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,"says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people.
7.The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix(http：//onl.uophx.edu/) , with some 6,000 students today and hopes of reaching 200,000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education, and nursing. The institution boasts that if you're a student "you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want." The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete.
8.On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings — and graduates prove their worth — is anyone's guess.
"Old" Economy Greets the “New”
9.Corporations have suddenly awakened to the fact that the Internet can save them billions of dollars in conducting their everyday affairs, with some of it showing up in lower prices for the consumer. And it's only the beginning. "Where do you think we are as an economy as far as e-business goes?" Fortune magazine recently asked General Electric's legendary CEO Jack Welch, who immediately replied, "First inning."
10.How right he is can be seen in a two-story brick building on Chicago's industrial South Side, home to the Corrugated Supplies Corporation, which manufactures corrugated sheets for boxes and other products. Despite the company's low-tech image, owner Rick Van Horne may have moved e-business into a second inning and then some： The computerized production system that he built by hand can fill customers'orders — to their exact specifications — and deliver the goods in less than 24 hours, with a 35% reduction in waste.
11.This success hiked; Corrugated Supplies, sales from $ 40 million in 1997 to $ 100 million in 2000. Van Horne is now offering to teach other companies everything he knows about building high-tech factories.
12.The billions of dollars a year that American companies are saving thanks to the Internet's ability to slash their cost of doing business is making them even more successful competitors on world markets. This is reflected in better prices for their customers and increased profits for themselves, with much of it coming from greatly improved ways of cutting costs.
13.Ford,General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler, among others, have created Covisint, a $ 300-biliion mega 16 market for buying auto parts. It's a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lose the business. Still others are doing this on their own, such as the big airconditioner parts manufacturer Trane Company, which set up its own private online exchange that forced its 5,000 dealers to continually bid against each other for its business.
Where Do We Go Next?
14.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.
15.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.
5.From Para.5, we can infer that the author's attitudes toward experts online is ______.
A.excited正确答案B
B.doubtful
C.neutral
D.indifferent
(18).Choose the best answer for each of thefoilowing questions according to the text.
The Land of Free Stuff
1.Cyberspace is a veritable heaven for those looking for something for nothing —— or nearly nothing. FreeStuff-Net. com provides access to an assortment of sites offering handouts. There's "Just Free Stuff," "Freebie Land," "It's Free 4U," "Planet Freebie," "Free Love," "Free Samples," and "Free.com." Beware — the goal of many such sites is simply to get your name and address.
2.It would be unfair to leave the wonderful world of free stuff without mentioning Blue Mountain Arts Publishing, launched11 by two former hippies as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web." Their stroke of genius was to give away billions of online greeting cards in nine different languages,absolutely free. This concept was so exciting that the owners of the Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for the company if it met certain sales targets during the holidays when most greeting cards are sold.
3.But why would any serious business agree to give away so much stuff? The answer is that the bluemountain, com site gets about a million hits a day from people ordering free cards for dozens of occasions, and most of them also order flowers, candy, and gifts, which is where Excite # 064；Home sees a potential gold mine. It's even introduced a new high-tech card that can be used to send loved ones electronic flowers.
4.From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice： the village seamstress on how to make a buttonhole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready.
5.Exp. com claims to have “tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the more restrained Abuzz, com, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to “Ask Anything! Real People. Real Answers. " It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, audemocratization of expertise. ” However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented the light bulb?"，the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri191 of personal opinions.
Online Education
6.Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. "The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,"says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people.
7.The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix(http：//onl.uophx.edu/) , with some 6,000 students today and hopes of reaching 200,000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education, and nursing. The institution boasts that if you're a student "you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want." The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete.
8.On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings — and graduates prove their worth — is anyone's guess.
"Old" Economy Greets the “New”
9.Corporations have suddenly awakened to the fact that the Internet can save them billions of dollars in conducting their everyday affairs, with some of it showing up in lower prices for the consumer. And it's only the beginning. "Where do you think we are as an economy as far as e-business goes?" Fortune magazine recently asked General Electric's legendary CEO Jack Welch, who immediately replied, "First inning."
10.How right he is can be seen in a two-story brick building on Chicago's industrial South Side, home to the Corrugated Supplies Corporation, which manufactures corrugated sheets for boxes and other products. Despite the company's low-tech image, owner Rick Van Horne may have moved e-business into a second inning and then some： The computerized production system that he built by hand can fill customers'orders — to their exact specifications — and deliver the goods in less than 24 hours, with a 35% reduction in waste.
11.This success hiked; Corrugated Supplies, sales from $ 40 million in 1997 to $ 100 million in 2000. Van Horne is now offering to teach other companies everything he knows about building high-tech factories.
12.The billions of dollars a year that American companies are saving thanks to the Internet's ability to slash their cost of doing business is making them even more successful competitors on world markets. This is reflected in better prices for their customers and increased profits for themselves, with much of it coming from greatly improved ways of cutting costs.
13.Ford,General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler, among others, have created Covisint, a $ 300-biliion mega 16 market for buying auto parts. It's a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lose the business. Still others are doing this on their own, such as the big airconditioner parts manufacturer Trane Company, which set up its own private online exchange that forced its 5,000 dealers to continually bid against each other for its business.
Where Do We Go Next?
14.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.
15.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.
6.As to the future of online education, which of the following best describes the author's opinion?
A.It is doomed from the start.正确答案D
B.It is predictable in future development.
C.The business can not thrive without good management.
D.People have to wait and see.
(19).Choose the best answer for each of thefoilowing questions according to the text.
The Land of Free Stuff
1.Cyberspace is a veritable heaven for those looking for something for nothing —— or nearly nothing. FreeStuff-Net. com provides access to an assortment of sites offering handouts. There's "Just Free Stuff," "Freebie Land," "It's Free 4U," "Planet Freebie," "Free Love," "Free Samples," and "Free.com." Beware — the goal of many such sites is simply to get your name and address.
2.It would be unfair to leave the wonderful world of free stuff without mentioning Blue Mountain Arts Publishing, launched11 by two former hippies as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web." Their stroke of genius was to give away billions of online greeting cards in nine different languages,absolutely free. This concept was so exciting that the owners of the Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for the company if it met certain sales targets during the holidays when most greeting cards are sold.
3.But why would any serious business agree to give away so much stuff? The answer is that the bluemountain, com site gets about a million hits a day from people ordering free cards for dozens of occasions, and most of them also order flowers, candy, and gifts, which is where Excite # 064；Home sees a potential gold mine. It's even introduced a new high-tech card that can be used to send loved ones electronic flowers.
4.From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice： the village seamstress on how to make a buttonhole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready.
5.Exp. com claims to have “tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the more restrained Abuzz, com, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to “Ask Anything! Real People. Real Answers. " It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, audemocratization of expertise. ” However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented the light bulb?"，the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri191 of personal opinions.
Online Education
6.Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. "The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,"says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people.
7.The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix(http：//onl.uophx.edu/) , with some 6,000 students today and hopes of reaching 200,000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education, and nursing. The institution boasts that if you're a student "you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want." The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete.
8.On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings — and graduates prove their worth — is anyone's guess.
"Old" Economy Greets the “New”
9.Corporations have suddenly awakened to the fact that the Internet can save them billions of dollars in conducting their everyday affairs, with some of it showing up in lower prices for the consumer. And it's only the beginning. "Where do you think we are as an economy as far as e-business goes?" Fortune magazine recently asked General Electric's legendary CEO Jack Welch, who immediately replied, "First inning."
10.How right he is can be seen in a two-story brick building on Chicago's industrial South Side, home to the Corrugated Supplies Corporation, which manufactures corrugated sheets for boxes and other products. Despite the company's low-tech image, owner Rick Van Horne may have moved e-business into a second inning and then some： The computerized production system that he built by hand can fill customers'orders — to their exact specifications — and deliver the goods in less than 24 hours, with a 35% reduction in waste.
11.This success hiked; Corrugated Supplies, sales from $ 40 million in 1997 to $ 100 million in 2000. Van Horne is now offering to teach other companies everything he knows about building high-tech factories.
12.The billions of dollars a year that American companies are saving thanks to the Internet's ability to slash their cost of doing business is making them even more successful competitors on world markets. This is reflected in better prices for their customers and increased profits for themselves, with much of it coming from greatly improved ways of cutting costs.
13.Ford,General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler, among others, have created Covisint, a $ 300-biliion mega 16 market for buying auto parts. It's a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lose the business. Still others are doing this on their own, such as the big airconditioner parts manufacturer Trane Company, which set up its own private online exchange that forced its 5,000 dealers to continually bid against each other for its business.
Where Do We Go Next?
14.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.
15.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.
7.According to the passage,______ is the main reason for the success of e-business.
A.reduction of costs正确答案A
B.application of high-tech
C.increase of profits
D.increase of credibility
(20).Choose the best answer for each of thefoilowing questions according to the text.
The Land of Free Stuff
1.Cyberspace is a veritable heaven for those looking for something for nothing —— or nearly nothing. FreeStuff-Net. com provides access to an assortment of sites offering handouts. There's "Just Free Stuff," "Freebie Land," "It's Free 4U," "Planet Freebie," "Free Love," "Free Samples," and "Free.com." Beware — the goal of many such sites is simply to get your name and address.
2.It would be unfair to leave the wonderful world of free stuff without mentioning Blue Mountain Arts Publishing, launched11 by two former hippies as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web." Their stroke of genius was to give away billions of online greeting cards in nine different languages,absolutely free. This concept was so exciting that the owners of the Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for the company if it met certain sales targets during the holidays when most greeting cards are sold.
3.But why would any serious business agree to give away so much stuff? The answer is that the bluemountain, com site gets about a million hits a day from people ordering free cards for dozens of occasions, and most of them also order flowers, candy, and gifts, which is where Excite # 064；Home sees a potential gold mine. It's even introduced a new high-tech card that can be used to send loved ones electronic flowers.
4.From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice： the village seamstress on how to make a buttonhole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready.
5.Exp. com claims to have “tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the more restrained Abuzz, com, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to “Ask Anything! Real People. Real Answers. " It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, audemocratization of expertise. ” However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented the light bulb?"，the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri191 of personal opinions.
Online Education
6.Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. "The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,"says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people.
7.The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix(http：//onl.uophx.edu/) , with some 6,000 students today and hopes of reaching 200,000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education, and nursing. The institution boasts that if you're a student "you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want." The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete.
8.On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings — and graduates prove their worth — is anyone's guess.
"Old" Economy Greets the “New”
9.Corporations have suddenly awakened to the fact that the Internet can save them billions of dollars in conducting their everyday affairs, with some of it showing up in lower prices for the consumer. And it's only the beginning. "Where do you think we are as an economy as far as e-business goes?" Fortune magazine recently asked General Electric's legendary CEO Jack Welch, who immediately replied, "First inning."
10.How right he is can be seen in a two-story brick building on Chicago's industrial South Side, home to the Corrugated Supplies Corporation, which manufactures corrugated sheets for boxes and other products. Despite the company's low-tech image, owner Rick Van Horne may have moved e-business into a second inning and then some： The computerized production system that he built by hand can fill customers'orders — to their exact specifications — and deliver the goods in less than 24 hours, with a 35% reduction in waste.
11.This success hiked; Corrugated Supplies, sales from $ 40 million in 1997 to $ 100 million in 2000. Van Horne is now offering to teach other companies everything he knows about building high-tech factories.
12.The billions of dollars a year that American companies are saving thanks to the Internet's ability to slash their cost of doing business is making them even more successful competitors on world markets. This is reflected in better prices for their customers and increased profits for themselves, with much of it coming from greatly improved ways of cutting costs.
13.Ford,General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler, among others, have created Covisint, a $ 300-biliion mega 16 market for buying auto parts. It's a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lose the business. Still others are doing this on their own, such as the big airconditioner parts manufacturer Trane Company, which set up its own private online exchange that forced its 5,000 dealers to continually bid against each other for its business.
Where Do We Go Next?
14.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.
15.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.
8.Kofi Annan's United Nations Information Technology Service aims at _______.
A.improving UN staff's computer skills正确答案C
B.promoting the use of the Internet in the United States
C.promoting the use of the Internet over the world
D.providing medical knowledge to all hospitals in poor countries
(21).Choose the best answer for each of thefoilowing questions according to the text.
The Land of Free Stuff
1.Cyberspace is a veritable heaven for those looking for something for nothing —— or nearly nothing. FreeStuff-Net. com provides access to an assortment of sites offering handouts. There's "Just Free Stuff," "Freebie Land," "It's Free 4U," "Planet Freebie," "Free Love," "Free Samples," and "Free.com." Beware — the goal of many such sites is simply to get your name and address.
2.It would be unfair to leave the wonderful world of free stuff without mentioning Blue Mountain Arts Publishing, launched11 by two former hippies as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web." Their stroke of genius was to give away billions of online greeting cards in nine different languages,absolutely free. This concept was so exciting that the owners of the Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for the company if it met certain sales targets during the holidays when most greeting cards are sold.
3.But why would any serious business agree to give away so much stuff? The answer is that the bluemountain, com site gets about a million hits a day from people ordering free cards for dozens of occasions, and most of them also order flowers, candy, and gifts, which is where Excite # 064；Home sees a potential gold mine. It's even introduced a new high-tech card that can be used to send loved ones electronic flowers.
4.From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice： the village seamstress on how to make a buttonhole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready.
5.Exp. com claims to have “tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the more restrained Abuzz, com, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to “Ask Anything! Real People. Real Answers. " It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, audemocratization of expertise. ” However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented the light bulb?"，the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri191 of personal opinions.
Online Education
6.Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. "The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,"says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people.
7.The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix(http：//onl.uophx.edu/) , with some 6,000 students today and hopes of reaching 200,000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education, and nursing. The institution boasts that if you're a student "you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want." The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete.
8.On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings — and graduates prove their worth — is anyone's guess.
"Old" Economy Greets the “New”
9.Corporations have suddenly awakened to the fact that the Internet can save them billions of dollars in conducting their everyday affairs, with some of it showing up in lower prices for the consumer. And it's only the beginning. "Where do you think we are as an economy as far as e-business goes?" Fortune magazine recently asked General Electric's legendary CEO Jack Welch, who immediately replied, "First inning."
10.How right he is can be seen in a two-story brick building on Chicago's industrial South Side, home to the Corrugated Supplies Corporation, which manufactures corrugated sheets for boxes and other products. Despite the company's low-tech image, owner Rick Van Horne may have moved e-business into a second inning and then some： The computerized production system that he built by hand can fill customers'orders — to their exact specifications — and deliver the goods in less than 24 hours, with a 35% reduction in waste.
11.This success hiked; Corrugated Supplies, sales from $ 40 million in 1997 to $ 100 million in 2000. Van Horne is now offering to teach other companies everything he knows about building high-tech factories.
12.The billions of dollars a year that American companies are saving thanks to the Internet's ability to slash their cost of doing business is making them even more successful competitors on world markets. This is reflected in better prices for their customers and increased profits for themselves, with much of it coming from greatly improved ways of cutting costs.
13.Ford,General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler, among others, have created Covisint, a $ 300-biliion mega 16 market for buying auto parts. It's a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lose the business. Still others are doing this on their own, such as the big airconditioner parts manufacturer Trane Company, which set up its own private online exchange that forced its 5,000 dealers to continually bid against each other for its business.
Where Do We Go Next?
14.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.
15.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.
9.“State-of-the-art” in the sentence "Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries" (in Para.14) means ______.
A.skillful and attractive正确答案B
B.very modern
C.creative and artistic
D.advanced and in large quantity
(22).Choose the best answer for each of thefoilowing questions according to the text.
The Land of Free Stuff
1.Cyberspace is a veritable heaven for those looking for something for nothing —— or nearly nothing. FreeStuff-Net. com provides access to an assortment of sites offering handouts. There's "Just Free Stuff," "Freebie Land," "It's Free 4U," "Planet Freebie," "Free Love," "Free Samples," and "Free.com." Beware — the goal of many such sites is simply to get your name and address.
2.It would be unfair to leave the wonderful world of free stuff without mentioning Blue Mountain Arts Publishing, launched11 by two former hippies as a "spiritual and emotional center for the Web." Their stroke of genius was to give away billions of online greeting cards in nine different languages,absolutely free. This concept was so exciting that the owners of the Excite # 064 ； Home Web site agreed to pay about $ 1 billion for the company if it met certain sales targets during the holidays when most greeting cards are sold.
3.But why would any serious business agree to give away so much stuff? The answer is that the bluemountain, com site gets about a million hits a day from people ordering free cards for dozens of occasions, and most of them also order flowers, candy, and gifts, which is where Excite # 064；Home sees a potential gold mine. It's even introduced a new high-tech card that can be used to send loved ones electronic flowers.
4.From time to time, we need an expert. In such situations, the Internet has been like a gift from the gods. In the old days, authorities were near at hand for expert advice： the village seamstress on how to make a buttonhole, the blacksmith on how to take care of a horse's hooves, or the apothecary on what to do about warts. On the Internet, advice and answer sites are popping up all over the place, with self-proclaimed experts at the ready.
5.Exp. com claims to have “tens of thousands of experts who can help you," while the more restrained Abuzz, com, owned by The New York Times, limits its pitch to “Ask Anything! Real People. Real Answers. " It's said that expert sites or knowledge networks represent the latest stage in the Internet's evolution, audemocratization of expertise. ” However, if your question is about something other than "Who invented the light bulb?"，the answers are likely to be a wild potpourri191 of personal opinions.
Online Education
6.Top colleges and universities are rushing into online education, but the big news is the proliferation of a new breed of for-profit online institutions bringing Internet education to the masses. "The Internet will probably be the single most democratizing force in education,"says Columbia Business School Dean Meyer Feldberg, who envisions educational programs being routed through the Net to hundreds of millions of people.
7.The largest online institution is the University of Phoenix(http：//onl.uophx.edu/) , with some 6,000 students today and hopes of reaching 200,000 students in 10 years. The University offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees in business management, technology, education, and nursing. The institution boasts that if you're a student "you can earn your degree via the Internet whenever and wherever you want." The University notes that its degree programs cost far less and may take some students far less time to complete.
8.On the other hand, a Business Week survey of 247 companies found that only a handful would consider hiring applicants who earned their MBA degrees online. Whether that will change as for-profit online universities improve their offerings — and graduates prove their worth — is anyone's guess.
"Old" Economy Greets the “New”
9.Corporations have suddenly awakened to the fact that the Internet can save them billions of dollars in conducting their everyday affairs, with some of it showing up in lower prices for the consumer. And it's only the beginning. "Where do you think we are as an economy as far as e-business goes?" Fortune magazine recently asked General Electric's legendary CEO Jack Welch, who immediately replied, "First inning."
10.How right he is can be seen in a two-story brick building on Chicago's industrial South Side, home to the Corrugated Supplies Corporation, which manufactures corrugated sheets for boxes and other products. Despite the company's low-tech image, owner Rick Van Horne may have moved e-business into a second inning and then some： The computerized production system that he built by hand can fill customers'orders — to their exact specifications — and deliver the goods in less than 24 hours, with a 35% reduction in waste.
11.This success hiked; Corrugated Supplies, sales from $ 40 million in 1997 to $ 100 million in 2000. Van Horne is now offering to teach other companies everything he knows about building high-tech factories.
12.The billions of dollars a year that American companies are saving thanks to the Internet's ability to slash their cost of doing business is making them even more successful competitors on world markets. This is reflected in better prices for their customers and increased profits for themselves, with much of it coming from greatly improved ways of cutting costs.
13.Ford,General Motors, and Daimler Chrysler, among others, have created Covisint, a $ 300-biliion mega 16 market for buying auto parts. It's a new world out there, with companies large and small banding together to force suppliers to trim their prices or lose the business. Still others are doing this on their own, such as the big airconditioner parts manufacturer Trane Company, which set up its own private online exchange that forced its 5,000 dealers to continually bid against each other for its business.
Where Do We Go Next?
14.The rest of the world is moving into cyberspace more slowly than the United States, and, in the developing world, the Internet has hardly penetrated at all. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan is determined to change this through the United Nations Information Technology Service, which will train large numbers of people to tap into the income enhancing power of the Internet. Annan is also proposing an Internet health network that will provide state-of-the-art medical knowledge to 10,000 clinics and hospitals in poor countries.
15.The onrushing Cyber Age has given newfound power to us all, as seen in Jody Williams's one-woman organization using e-mail to promote a global ban on land mines. Yet, this is but a glimpse of what's ahead in the minds of those immersed in this great and accelerating transformation.
10.The author's main purpose is to ______.
A.describe a phenomenon正确答案A
B.argue a belief
C.be entertaining
D.propose a conclusion
(23).Choose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the text.
Juvenile Crime — Outlook for California
1.The public's fear of crime, including juvenile crime, is a major concern for policymakers. In California, and throughout the nation, nightly news programs often begin their broadcasts with accounts of violent crime committed by juveniles.
2.The Legislature and the Governor have enacted numerous laws to address the public's concerns about juvenile crime. Despite these efforts, polls show that the public continues to see crime as one of the most pressing problems in society.
3.In January 1994, we released our report Crime in Cali for ni a describing overall crime trends in the state. This report, while similar, focuses on juvenile crime trends and the juvenile justice system in California.
Difference Between the Juvenile and Adult Justice Systems.
4.California's juvenile justice system is different from the state's adult justice system. This is because society recognizes that many juveniles need to be treated differently from adults. Generally, the juvenile system emphasizes treatment and rehabilitation, while the adult system concentrates on punishment of offenders.The juvenile justice system also consists of a large number of nonlaw enforcement agencies. Social services agencies, schools, and community-based organizations all provide services to both juveniles “at-risk” of committing crimes and to juveniles who have committed crimes.
The State of Juvenile Crime in California.
5.Juvenile crime peaked in California in 1974 and then decreased through 1987. This decrease occurred at the same time as the proportion of juveniles in California's population was declining. Juvenile crime has increased since 1987. It is likely that juvenile crime will continue to increase given the projected future increase in California's juvenile population. In order to address this growth in crime, policymakers will have to pursue multiple strategies including prevention, intervention, suppression,and incarceration efforts.
Contents of This Report.
6.We have prepared this report in an effort to help those concerned with addressing the problems of juvenile crime. This report is not designed to present comprehensive answers to all of the questions concerning juvenile crime, but rather it provides basic information on the issues. It does this through a "quick-reference" document that relies heavily on charts to present information.
What Is Juvenile Crime ?
7.In its simplest definition, "crime" is any specific act prohibited by law for which society has provided a formally sanctioned'91 punishment. This also can include the failure of a person to perform an act specifically required by law.
Types of Offenses.
8.Crimes,whether committed by adults or juveniles, are classified by the seriousness of the offenses as follows：
•A felony is the most serious offense,punishable by a sentence to a state institution (Youth Authority facility or adult prison). Felonies generally include violent crimes, sex offenses, and many types of drug and property violations.
•A misdemeanor is a less serious offense for which the offender may be sentenced to probation,county detention (in a juvenile facility or jail), a fine, or some co-mbination of the three. Misdemeanors generally include crimes such as assault and battery, petty theft, and public drunkenness.
•An infraction is the least serious offense and generally is punishable by a fine. Many motor vehicle violations are considered infractions.
9.Many types of crimes in California can be charged as either a felony or a misdemeanor (known as a “wobbler”)，or as either a misdemeanor or an infraction. Juveniles, like adults, can be charged with a felony, a misdemeanor, or an infraction. However, as we discuss later, juveniles can also be charged with offenses that are unique to youth.
Categories of Crimes.
10.In general, felonies, misdemeanors, and infractions fall into one of three broad categories： violent, property, and drug-rela-ted. Violent crimes refer to events such as homicide, rape, and assault that result in an injury to a person.
11.Property crimes are offenses with the intent of gaining property through the use or threat of force against a person. Burglary and motor vehicle theft are examples.
12.Drug-related crimes, such as possession or sale of illegal narcotics，are generally in a separate category altogether. This is because such offenses do not fall under the defi-nition of either violent or property offenses.
The Juvenile Justice System Is Different.
13.The juvenile justice system has evolved over the years based on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and juveni-les who commit criminal acts generally should be treated differently from adults. Separate courts, detention facilities, rules, procedures,and laws were created for juveni-les with the intent to protect their welfare and rehabilitate them, while protecting public safety.
14.Under certain circumstances, youthful offenders can be tried either as juveniles or as adults. But even in these situations» their treatment is different from that of adults. For example, a juvenile who is arrested for an "adult" offense can be adjudicated in either juvenile court or adult court； if convicted, he or she can be incarcerated in either a county or state correctional facility or left in the community； and if incarcerated, he or she can be placed with either other juveniles or adults. In contrast, an adult charged with the same offense would be tried in an adult court； if convicted, he or she would be incarcerated by the state and would be housed with adults.
Legal Categories of Juvenile Offenders.
15.Juvenile offenders are generally placed in one of four legal categories depending primarily on the seriousness of the offense committed. Two of these categories ("criminal offenders" and "juveniles remanded to superior court") are for juveniles who have committed adult-like crimes. The other categories ("informal probationers" and "status offenders")are for youths who have committed less serious offenses or offenses unique to juveniles, like curfew violations.
Who Is Ireated As a Juvenile in California ?
16.Generally, any individual age 18 or older is considered an adult and treated as such in California. Depending on the circumstances, however, someone as young as 14 can be tried in the adult court system and sentenced to the California Department of Corrections (CDC) and housed in the California Youth Authority (CYA) ； and if 16 years old can be sent to prison. On the other hand, someone as old as 24 can be incarcerated as a juvenile in the CYA.
17.There are over 6,000 offenders incarcerated in the CYA who are age 18 or older. The CYA can accept juveniles younger than age 12 after a review by the CYA Director, however, these offenders generally are kept in the community under county probation supervision.
How Much Juvenile Crime Is There in California ?
18.Crime in California, whether committed by an adult or juvenile, is counted in two different ways. One is based on official reports to law enforcement agencies, and is reflected in the national Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) data and the California Crime Index (CCI) data. Crime is also counted based on surveys of individuals to determine if they have been victims of crime, even though the crime may not have been reported to the police. The data is obtained through national victimization surveys.
Limited Data Available About Juvenile Crime.
19.Many types of data on juvenile crime are not collected or aggregated for the state. For example? we know how many juveniles were arrested for felonies and misdemeanors, but we don't know the disposition of those juvenile arrestees. This is because the state Department of Justice (DOJ) stopped collecting statewide disposition data for juveniles in 1990 for budgetary reasons. As a consequence, we do not know, since 1990, how many juvenile arrestees were adjudicated as juveniles or prosecuted as adults； how many were convicted； how many were placed on probation in the community or incarcerated at the local level. The DOJ reports that it will resume collecting these data in 1995-1996.
20.Consequently, the most currently available data are limited to the number of juvenile arrests, juvenile arrest rates, and the number of juveniles incarcerated at the state level.
Arrest "Rates."
21.Crime data is often presented in terms of "rates." A rate is defined as the number of occurrences of an event within a given population. For example, the overall juvenile arrest rate for California in 1993 was 6,772.8, which means that there were about 7,773 juvenile arrests for every 100^000 youths under the age of 18.
Crime Is Underreported.
22.Crime statistics (for juveniles and adults) from law enforcement agencies don't tell the entire story about the extent of crime for two reasons. First, victimization surveys generally show there is a significant amount of crime committed each year that is not counted in official statistics because it is not reported to law enforcement authorities. According to the U.S.Department of Justice, in 1993 about two-thirds of all crimes went unreported to the police. Specifically, about 50 per cent of violent victimizations, almost 60 per cent of household crimes, and 70 per cent of all personal thefts went unreported.
23.A second reason why crime is underreported is that when several crimes are committed by an offender at the same time, only one (usually the most severe) is counted in the data. For example, if a juvenile offender robbed a store, assaulted a clerk. and killed a customer, only the homicide would be reported.
24.Juveniles Account for a Significant Number of All Arrests.
•In 1993, juveniles accounted for 16 per cent of all felony arrests in California.
•Juveniles accounted for 26 per cent of all property arrests and 14 per cent of violent crime arrests, in 1993.
•In 19889 juveniles accounted for 24 per cent of property arrests and 12 per cent of violent arrests.
25.How Many Juveniles Become Repeat Offenders?
Findings :
Small number of offenders commit majority of crime.
Strong relationship between age at onset of criminal behavior and continued criminality.
Based On:
Research in Orange and Los Angeles Counties.
Longitudinal study.
Details:
In Orange County, between 8 and 12 per cent of offenders account for 60 per cent of juvenile and subsequent adult crime.
In Los Angeles County, research showed similar results.
Other studies, including those from foreign courtiers, have drawn similar conclusions.
These repeat offenders are arrested between 4 and 14 times during criminal careers.
Younger the arrestee9 the greater likelihood of subsequent arrests.
Caveats:
Most individuals arrested as juveniles will not be arrested as adults.
Large portion of arrested adults were not arrested as juveniles.
1.California's juvenile justice system is different from the state's adult justice system, because _______.
A.there are more juvenile crimes in California than in other states in the United States正确答案B
B.the public recognizes there is a need for different treatments to juveniles and adults
C.California adopts the best laws in the whole nation
D.there is a different justice system in California
(24).Choose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the text.
Juvenile Crime — Outlook for California
1.The public's fear of crime, including juvenile crime, is a major concern for policymakers. In California, and throughout the nation, nightly news programs often begin their broadcasts with accounts of violent crime committed by juveniles.
2.The Legislature and the Governor have enacted numerous laws to address the public's concerns about juvenile crime. Despite these efforts, polls show that the public continues to see crime as one of the most pressing problems in society.
3.In January 1994, we released our report Crime in Cali for ni a describing overall crime trends in the state. This report, while similar, focuses on juvenile crime trends and the juvenile justice system in California.
Difference Between the Juvenile and Adult Justice Systems.
4.California's juvenile justice system is different from the state's adult justice system. This is because society recognizes that many juveniles need to be treated differently from adults. Generally, the juvenile system emphasizes treatment and rehabilitation, while the adult system concentrates on punishment of offenders.The juvenile justice system also consists of a large number of nonlaw enforcement agencies. Social services agencies, schools, and community-based organizations all provide services to both juveniles “at-risk” of committing crimes and to juveniles who have committed crimes.
The State of Juvenile Crime in California.
5.Juvenile crime peaked in California in 1974 and then decreased through 1987. This decrease occurred at the same time as the proportion of juveniles in California's population was declining. Juvenile crime has increased since 1987. It is likely that juvenile crime will continue to increase given the projected future increase in California's juvenile population. In order to address this growth in crime, policymakers will have to pursue multiple strategies including prevention, intervention, suppression,and incarceration efforts.
Contents of This Report.
6.We have prepared this report in an effort to help those concerned with addressing the problems of juvenile crime. This report is not designed to present comprehensive answers to all of the questions concerning juvenile crime, but rather it provides basic information on the issues. It does this through a "quick-reference" document that relies heavily on charts to present information.
What Is Juvenile Crime ?
7.In its simplest definition, "crime" is any specific act prohibited by law for which society has provided a formally sanctioned'91 punishment. This also can include the failure of a person to perform an act specifically required by law.
Types of Offenses.
8.Crimes,whether committed by adults or juveniles, are classified by the seriousness of the offenses as follows：
•A felony is the most serious offense,punishable by a sentence to a state institution (Youth Authority facility or adult prison). Felonies generally include violent crimes, sex offenses, and many types of drug and property violations.
•A misdemeanor is a less serious offense for which the offender may be sentenced to probation,county detention (in a juvenile facility or jail), a fine, or some co-mbination of the three. Misdemeanors generally include crimes such as assault and battery, petty theft, and public drunkenness.
•An infraction is the least serious offense and generally is punishable by a fine. Many motor vehicle violations are considered infractions.
9.Many types of crimes in California can be charged as either a felony or a misdemeanor (known as a “wobbler”)，or as either a misdemeanor or an infraction. Juveniles, like adults, can be charged with a felony, a misdemeanor, or an infraction. However, as we discuss later, juveniles can also be charged with offenses that are unique to youth.
Categories of Crimes.
10.In general, felonies, misdemeanors, and infractions fall into one of three broad categories： violent, property, and drug-rela-ted. Violent crimes refer to events such as homicide, rape, and assault that result in an injury to a person.
11.Property crimes are offenses with the intent of gaining property through the use or threat of force against a person. Burglary and motor vehicle theft are examples.
12.Drug-related crimes, such as possession or sale of illegal narcotics，are generally in a separate category altogether. This is because such offenses do not fall under the defi-nition of either violent or property offenses.
The Juvenile Justice System Is Different.
13.The juvenile justice system has evolved over the years based on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and juveni-les who commit criminal acts generally should be treated differently from adults. Separate courts, detention facilities, rules, procedures,and laws were created for juveni-les with the intent to protect their welfare and rehabilitate them, while protecting public safety.
14.Under certain circumstances, youthful offenders can be tried either as juveniles or as adults. But even in these situations» their treatment is different from that of adults. For example, a juvenile who is arrested for an "adult" offense can be adjudicated in either juvenile court or adult court； if convicted, he or she can be incarcerated in either a county or state correctional facility or left in the community； and if incarcerated, he or she can be placed with either other juveniles or adults. In contrast, an adult charged with the same offense would be tried in an adult court； if convicted, he or she would be incarcerated by the state and would be housed with adults.
Legal Categories of Juvenile Offenders.
15.Juvenile offenders are generally placed in one of four legal categories depending primarily on the seriousness of the offense committed. Two of these categories ("criminal offenders" and "juveniles remanded to superior court") are for juveniles who have committed adult-like crimes. The other categories ("informal probationers" and "status offenders")are for youths who have committed less serious offenses or offenses unique to juveniles, like curfew violations.
Who Is Ireated As a Juvenile in California ?
16.Generally, any individual age 18 or older is considered an adult and treated as such in California. Depending on the circumstances, however, someone as young as 14 can be tried in the adult court system and sentenced to the California Department of Corrections (CDC) and housed in the California Youth Authority (CYA) ； and if 16 years old can be sent to prison. On the other hand, someone as old as 24 can be incarcerated as a juvenile in the CYA.
17.There are over 6,000 offenders incarcerated in the CYA who are age 18 or older. The CYA can accept juveniles younger than age 12 after a review by the CYA Director, however, these offenders generally are kept in the community under county probation supervision.
How Much Juvenile Crime Is There in California ?
18.Crime in California, whether committed by an adult or juvenile, is counted in two different ways. One is based on official reports to law enforcement agencies, and is reflected in the national Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) data and the California Crime Index (CCI) data. Crime is also counted based on surveys of individuals to determine if they have been victims of crime, even though the crime may not have been reported to the police. The data is obtained through national victimization surveys.
Limited Data Available About Juvenile Crime.
19.Many types of data on juvenile crime are not collected or aggregated for the state. For example? we know how many juveniles were arrested for felonies and misdemeanors, but we don't know the disposition of those juvenile arrestees. This is because the state Department of Justice (DOJ) stopped collecting statewide disposition data for juveniles in 1990 for budgetary reasons. As a consequence, we do not know, since 1990, how many juvenile arrestees were adjudicated as juveniles or prosecuted as adults； how many were convicted； how many were placed on probation in the community or incarcerated at the local level. The DOJ reports that it will resume collecting these data in 1995-1996.
20.Consequently, the most currently available data are limited to the number of juvenile arrests, juvenile arrest rates, and the number of juveniles incarcerated at the state level.
Arrest "Rates."
21.Crime data is often presented in terms of "rates." A rate is defined as the number of occurrences of an event within a given population. For example, the overall juvenile arrest rate for California in 1993 was 6,772.8, which means that there were about 7,773 juvenile arrests for every 100^000 youths under the age of 18.
Crime Is Underreported.
22.Crime statistics (for juveniles and adults) from law enforcement agencies don't tell the entire story about the extent of crime for two reasons. First, victimization surveys generally show there is a significant amount of crime committed each year that is not counted in official statistics because it is not reported to law enforcement authorities. According to the U.S.Department of Justice, in 1993 about two-thirds of all crimes went unreported to the police. Specifically, about 50 per cent of violent victimizations, almost 60 per cent of household crimes, and 70 per cent of all personal thefts went unreported.
23.A second reason why crime is underreported is that when several crimes are committed by an offender at the same time, only one (usually the most severe) is counted in the data. For example, if a juvenile offender robbed a store, assaulted a clerk. and killed a customer, only the homicide would be reported.
24.Juveniles Account for a Significant Number of All Arrests.
•In 1993, juveniles accounted for 16 per cent of all felony arrests in California.
•Juveniles accounted for 26 per cent of all property arrests and 14 per cent of violent crime arrests, in 1993.
•In 19889 juveniles accounted for 24 per cent of property arrests and 12 per cent of violent arrests.
25.How Many Juveniles Become Repeat Offenders?
Findings :
Small number of offenders commit majority of crime.
Strong relationship between age at onset of criminal behavior and continued criminality.
Based On:
Research in Orange and Los Angeles Counties.
Longitudinal study.
Details:
In Orange County, between 8 and 12 per cent of offenders account for 60 per cent of juvenile and subsequent adult crime.
In Los Angeles County, research showed similar results.
Other studies, including those from foreign courtiers, have drawn similar conclusions.
These repeat offenders are arrested between 4 and 14 times during criminal careers.
Younger the arrestee9 the greater likelihood of subsequent arrests.
Caveats:
Most individuals arrested as juveniles will not be arrested as adults.
Large portion of arrested adults were not arrested as juveniles.
2.According to the passage, which one of the following statements is true about difference between the juvenile justice system and the adult justice system?
A.There is no punishment in the juvenile justice system while the adult justice system focuses on punishment.正确答案C
B.The juvenile system is less severe than the adult system because young people should be given more chances.
C.The juvenile system concentrates on the treatment and rehabilitation while the adult system emphasizes on punishment of offenders.
D.The juvenile system emphasizes on education and acceptable punishment while the adult system concentrates only on punishment.
(25).Choose the best answer for each of the following questions according to the text.
Juvenile Crime — Outlook for California
1.The public's fear of crime, including juvenile crime, is a major concern for policymakers. In California, and throughout the nation, nightly news programs often begin their broadcasts with accounts of violent crime committed by juveniles.
2.The Legislature and the Governor have enacted numerous laws to address the public's concerns about juvenile crime. Despite these efforts, polls show that the public continues to see crime as one of the most pressing problems in society.
3.In January 1994, we released our report Crime in Cali for ni a describing overall crime trends in the state. This report, while similar, focuses on juvenile crime trends and the juvenile justice system in California.
Difference Between the Juvenile and Adult Justice Systems.
4.California's juvenile justice system is different from the state's adult justice system. This is because society recognizes that many juveniles need to be treated differently from adults. Generally, the juvenile system emphasizes treatment and rehabilitation, while the adult system concentrates on punishment of offenders.The juvenile justice system also consists of a large number of nonlaw enforcement agencies. Social services agencies, schools, and community-based organizations all provide services to both juveniles “at-risk” of committing crimes and to juveniles who have committed crimes.
The State of Juvenile Crime in California.
5.Juvenile crime peaked in California in 1974 and then decreased through 1987. This decrease occurred at the same time as the proportion of juveniles in California's population was declining. Juvenile crime has increased since 1987. It is likely that juvenile crime will continue to increase given the projected future increase in California's juvenile population. In order to address this growth in crime, policymakers will have to pursue multiple strategies including prevention, intervention, suppression,and incarceration efforts.
Contents of This Report.
6.We have prepared this report in an effort to help those concerned with addressing the problems of juvenile crime. This report is not designed to present comprehensive answers to all of the questions concerning juvenile crime, but rather it provides basic information on the issues. It does this through a "quick-reference" document that relies heavily on charts to present information.
What Is Juvenile Crime ?
7.In its simplest definition, "crime" is any specific act prohibited by law for which society has provided a formally sanctioned'91 punishment. This also can include the failure of a person to perform an act specifically required by law.
Types of Offenses.
8.Crimes,whether committed by adults or juveniles, are classified by the seriousness of the offenses as follows：
•A felony is the most serious offense,punishable by a sentence to a state institution (Youth Authority facility or adult prison). Felonies generally include violent crimes, sex offenses, and many types of drug and property violations.
•A misdemeanor is a less serious offense for which the offender may be sentenced to probation,county detention (in a juvenile facility or jail), a fine, or some co-mbination of the three. Misdemeanors generally include crimes such as assault and battery, petty theft, and public drunkenness.
•An infraction is the least serious offense and generally is punishable by a fine. Many motor vehicle violations are considered infractions.
9.Many types of crimes in California can be charged as either a felony or a misdemeanor (known as a “wobbler”)，or as either a misdemeanor or an infraction. Juveniles, like adults, can be charged with a felony, a misdemeanor, or an infraction. However, as we discuss later, juveniles can also be charged with offenses that are unique to youth.
Categories of Crimes.
10.In general, felonies, misdemeanors, and infractions fall into one of three broad categories： violent, property, and drug-rela-ted. Violent crimes refer to events such as homicide, rape, and assault that result in an injury to a person.
11.Property crimes are offenses with the intent of gaining property through the use or threat of force against a person. Burglary and motor vehicle theft are examples.
12.Drug-related crimes, such as possession or sale of illegal narcotics，are generally in a separate category altogether. This is because such offenses do not fall under the defi-nition of either violent or property offenses.
The Juvenile Justice System Is Different.
13.The juvenile justice system has evolved over the years based on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and juveni-les who commit criminal acts generally should be treated differently from adults. Separate courts, detention facilities, rules, procedures,and laws were created for juveni-les with the intent to protect their welfare and rehabilitate them, while protecting public safety.
14.Under certain circumstances, youthful offenders can be tried either as juveniles or as adults. But even in these situations» their treatment is different from that of adults. For example, a juvenile who is arrested for an "adult" offense can be adjudicated in either juvenile court or adult court； if convicted, he or she can be incarcerated in either a county or state correctional facility or left in the community； and if incarcerated, he or she can be placed with either other juveniles or adults. In contrast, an adult charged with the same offense would be tried in an adult court； if convicted, he or she would be incarcerated by the state and would be housed with adults.
Legal Categories of Juvenile Offenders.
15.Juvenile offenders are generally placed in one of four legal categories depending primarily on the seriousness of the offense committed. Two of these categories ("criminal offenders" and "juveniles remanded to superior court") are for juveniles who have committed adult-like crimes. The other categories ("informal probationers" and "status offenders")are for youths who have committed less serious offenses or offenses unique to juveniles, like curfew violations.
Who Is Ireated As a Juvenile in California ?
16.Generally, any individual age 18 or older is considered an adult and treated as such in California. Depending on the circumstances, however, someone as young as 14 can be tried in the adult court system and sentenced to the California Department of Corrections (CDC) and housed in the California Youth Authority (CYA) ； and if 16 years old can be sent to prison. On the other hand, someone as old as 24 can be incarcerated as a juvenile in the CYA.
17.There are over 6,000 offenders incarcerated in the CYA who are age 18 or older. The CYA can accept juveniles younger than age 12 after a review by the CYA Director, however, these offenders generally are kept in the community under county probation supervision.
How Much Juvenile Crime Is There in California ?
18.Crime in California, whether committed by an adult or juvenile, is counted in two different ways. One is based on official reports to law enforcement agencies, and is reflected in the national Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) data and the California Crime Index (CCI) data. Crime is also counted based on surveys of individuals to determine if they have been victims of crime, even though the crime may not have been reported to the police. The data is obtained through national victimization surveys.
Limited Data Available About Juvenile Crime.
19.Many types of data on juvenile crime are not collected or aggregated for the state. For example? we know how many juveniles were arrested for felonies and misdemeanors, but we don't know the disposition of those juvenile arrestees. This is because the state Department of Justice (DOJ) stopped collecting statewide disposition data for juveniles in 1990 for budgetary reasons. As a consequence, we do not know, since 1990, how many juvenile arrestees were adjudicated as juveniles or prosecuted as adults； how many were convicted； how many were placed on probation in the community or incarcerated at the local level. The DOJ reports that it will resume collecting these data in 1995-1996.
20.Consequently, the most currently available data are limited to the number of juvenile arrests, juvenile arrest rates, and the number of juveniles incarcerated at the state level.
Arrest "Rates."
21.Crime data is often presented in terms of "rates." A rate is defined as the number of occurrences of an event within a given population. For example, the overall juvenile arrest rate for California in 1993 was 6,772.8, which means that there were about 7,773 juvenile arrests for every 100^000 youths under the age of 18.
Crime Is Underreported.
22.Crime statistics (for juveniles and adults) from law enforcement agencies don't tell the entire story about the extent of crime for two reasons. First, victimization surveys generally show there is a significant amount of crime committed each year that is not counted in official statistics because it is not reported to law enforcement authorities. According to the U.S.Department of Justice, in 1993 about two-thirds of all crimes went unreported to the police. Specifically, about 50 per cent of violent victimizations, almost 60 per cent of household crimes, and 70 per cent of all personal thefts went unreported.
23.A second reason why crime is underreported is that when several crimes are committed by an offender at the same time, only one (usually the most severe) is counted in the data. For example, if a juvenile offender robbed a store, assaulted a clerk. and killed a customer, only the homicide would be reported.
24.Juveniles Account for a Significant Number of All Arrests.
•In 1993, juveniles accounted for 16 per cent of all felony arrests in California.
•Juveniles accounted for 26 per cent of all property arrests and 14 per cent of violent crime arrests, in 1993.
•In 19889 juveniles accounted for 24 per cent of property arrests and 12 per cent of violent arrests.
25.How Many Juveniles Become Repeat Offenders?
Findings :
Small number of offenders commit majority of crime.
Strong relationship between age at onset of criminal behavior and continued criminality.
Based On:
Research in Orange and Los Angeles Counties.
Longitudinal study.
Details:
In Orange County, between 8 and 12 per cent of offenders account for 60 per cent of juvenile and subsequent adult crime.
In Los Angeles County, research showed similar results.
Other studies, including those from foreign courtiers, have drawn similar conclusions.
These repeat offenders are arrested between 4 and 14 times during criminal careers.
Younger the arrestee9 the greater likelihood of subsequent arrests.
Caveats:
Most individuals arrested as juveniles will not be arrested as adults.
Large portion of arrested adults were not arrested as juveniles.
3.Which one of the following strategies is NOT the one that policymakers in California will pursue to address the juvenile crime growth?
A.Chastising.正确答案A
B.Intervention.
C.Prevention.
D.Suppression.
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